| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
The Nature of Prejudice | |
| |
| |
Definitions of Prejudice and Attitudes | |
| |
| |
Definition of Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Relationship Between Prejudice and Behavior | |
| |
| |
Stereotypes | |
| |
| |
Stigmas | |
| |
| |
Untouchability and the Consequences of Being Stigmatized | |
| |
| |
Psychological Consequences of African-American Slavery | |
| |
| |
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination: Individual and Cultural/Historical Influences | |
| |
| |
The Authoritarian Personality | |
| |
| |
Patriarchy and Female Socialization | |
| |
| |
The Present Theoretical View | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Plan of the Book | |
| |
| |
| |
An Evolutionary Model for the Development of Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Canalization | |
| |
| |
Genes, Mind, and Culture | |
| |
| |
Behavior Genetics | |
| |
| |
Hunter-Gatherer Minds in Postindustrial Bodies | |
| |
| |
The Primate Heritage | |
| |
| |
Old World Monkeys and Apes | |
| |
| |
The Hunter-Gatherer Heritage | |
| |
| |
Inclusive Fitness | |
| |
| |
Authority-Bearing Systems | |
| |
| |
Intergroup Hostility--Heritage From the Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans | |
| |
| |
Gene Flow and Outgroup Attractiveness | |
| |
| |
Identification of Tribe Members and Multigroup Membership | |
| |
| |
Development of a Group Identity | |
| |
| |
Intergroup Behavior | |
| |
| |
Hunter-Gatherer Minds Revisited | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Discrimination Toward Deaf Individuals | |
| |
| |
Methodological Considerations | |
| |
| |
Prejudice | |
| |
| |
Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Overview of the Cultural and Historical Bases of Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Brief Educational History of American Deaf Children | |
| |
| |
Development of Discrimination Toward Deaf Individuals | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Mentally Retarded Individuals | |
| |
| |
Brief Educational History of American Children With Mental Retardation | |
| |
| |
Development of Prejudice Toward People With Mental Retardation | |
| |
| |
Development of Discrimination Toward People With Mental Retardation | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Prejudice and Discrimination Against the Opposite Sex | |
| |
| |
Brief Cultural History of the Role of Females in American Society | |
| |
| |
Antecedents of Opposite-Sex Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Genetic/Evolutionary Predispositions | |
| |
| |
Cultural Norms | |
| |
| |
Socialization of Sex-Typing | |
| |
| |
Parents' Socialization of Sex-Typing | |
| |
| |
Influence of Family Type on Socialization | |
| |
| |
Influence of Peers and Teachers on Socialization | |
| |
| |
Development of Opposite-Sex Prejudice | |
| |
| |
Indirect Measures | |
| |
| |
Direct Measures | |
| |
| |
Development of Opposite-Sex Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
A Cultural History of African Americans | |
| |
| |
Brief Cultural History of African Americans | |
| |
| |
Brown v. Board of Education | |
| |
| |
Development of Ethnic Identity | |
| |
| |
Comparisons Among the Histories | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Race Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Development of Race Prejudice | |
| |
| |
White Children and Adolescents | |
| |
| |
Black Children and Adolescents | |
| |
| |
Development of Race Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Behavioral Observations | |
| |
| |
Self-Reports | |
| |
| |
Sociometric Experiments | |
| |
| |
Comparison of Prejudice and Discrimination of the Target Groups | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Modifying Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Predictions | |
| |
| |
Contact Theory | |
| |
| |
Lewinian Theory | |
| |
| |
Measures Employed | |
| |
| |
Desegregation | |
| |
| |
The Studies | |
| |
| |
Contact Theory | |
| |
| |
Lewinian Theory | |
| |
| |
Mainstreaming | |
| |
| |
The Prejudice and Discrimination Studies | |
| |
| |
The Social and Academic Skill Studies | |
| |
| |
Contact Theory | |
| |
| |
Lewinian Theory | |
| |
| |
Cooperative Interaction | |
| |
| |
The Studies | |
| |
| |
Opposite-Sex Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Racial and Ethnic Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Discrimination Toward the Disabled | |
| |
| |
Competitive Studies | |
| |
| |
Contact Theory | |
| |
| |
Lewinian Theory | |
| |
| |
The Media | |
| |
| |
The Studies | |
| |
| |
Contact Theory | |
| |
| |
Lewinian Theory | |
| |
| |
Role-Playing Simulations | |
| |
| |
The Studies | |
| |
| |
Contact Theory | |
| |
| |
Lewinian Theory | |
| |
| |
Individuation and Self-Acceptance | |
| |
| |
Research on Children | |
| |
| |
Research on Adults | |
| |
| |
Individuation of Others | |
| |
| |
Contact Theory | |
| |
| |
Lewinian Theory | |
| |
| |
A Multiple Factor Approach | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Parents, Peers, and Personality | |
| |
| |
Parental Influences on Children's Prejudice | |
| |
| |
Peer Influences on Children's Prejudice | |
| |
| |
Personality Influences on Prejudice | |
| |
| |
Religious Beliefs and Practices | |
| |
| |
Right-Wing Authoritarianism | |
| |
| |
Social Dominance Orientation | |
| |
| |
Humanitarianism--Egalitarianism | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Recapitulation | |
| |
| |
Dominant and Subordinate Groups | |
| |
| |
Cultural Change | |
| |
| |
Genetic/Evolutionary Predispositions | |
| |
| |
Development of Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Modifying Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Parents, Peers, and Personality | |
| |
| |
A Final Note | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Author Index | |
| |
| |
Subject Index | |