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| Motor Control | |
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| The Nature of Motor Control | |
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| Defining Motor Control | |
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| Theories of Motor Control | |
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| Reflex Hierarchical Dynamic Systems | |
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| Characteristics of Human Action | |
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| Flexibility Uniqueness Consistency and Modifiability | |
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| Coordination versus Control of Action | |
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| Muscle Response Synergies Mechanical Properties of Limbs | |
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| Scientific Measurement and Motor Control | |
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| Psychological Measures | |
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| Response Outcome Measures Response Process Measures | |
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| Neurological Measures | |
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| Surface Recordings Evoked Potentials Intracellular Recordings Lesions/Abrasions Brain Scanning Techniques | |
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| Developing and Executing a Plan of Action | |
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| Planning the Action | |
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| Making the Decision to Act Developing a General Plan Adding Details to the Plan Executing the Plan of Action | |
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| The Neuromotor Level of Analysis | |
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| The Limbic System The Association Cortex Projection System Motor Pathways The Spinal System | |
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| Moment-to-Moment Control | |
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| Types of Motorneurons Muscle Activation and Force Production Musculoskeletal Contributions to Force Subconscious Control of Movement Solving the Motor Problem | |
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| Action Planning for Stable and Variable Environments | |
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| Disorders of the Motor System Affecting Motor Control | |
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| Basal Ganglia Disorders Cerebellar Disorders Disorders of Descending Pathways | |
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| Sensory Contributions to Action | |
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| General Properties of Sensory Receptors and Afferent Pathways | |
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| Adequate Stimulation Intensity Coding Sensory Adaptation | |
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| The Transmission and Integration of Sensory Input | |
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| Somatosensation | |
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| Cutaneous Receptors Proprioceptors | |
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| Transmission of Sensory Input | |
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| Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal System Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tract | |
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| Disorders of the Somatosensory System | |
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| Application of Theory | |
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| The Conscious Sensation of Movement | |
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| Afferent Sources of Kinesthesis Practical Applications | |
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| The Role of Feedback in Controlling Actions | |
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| Knowledge of Body Position Planning and Modification of Action Plans Learning or, Relearning of Movements | |
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| Errors in Performance | |
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| Vision and Action | |
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| Neuromotor Processing of Vision | |
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| Reception of Visual Input Transmission to the Brain Topographical Organization of the Visual System | |
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| Two Visual Systems? | |
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| Two Visual Systems and Motor Control | |
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| Psychological Studies of Perception and Action | |
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| Contrasting Theories of Visual Perception | |
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| Visual Guidance of Action | |
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| Posture and Locomotion Anticipation Timing Time-to-Contact Information Visual Dominance | |
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| Disorders of the Visual System | |
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| Motor Learning | |
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| The Nature of Motor Learning | |
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| Defining Motor Learning | |
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| Learning Leads to Relatively Permanent Changes Learning Must be Inferred Learning is Promoted Through Practice and Experience | |
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| Theories of Motor Learning | |
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| Adams' Closed Loop Theory Schema Theory Ecological Theories of Perception and Action | |
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| Stages of Motor Learning | |
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| Fitts' Three Stages of Learning A Neo-Bernsteinian Perspective Gentile's Two Stage Model | |
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| The Generalizability of Learning | |
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| Understanding the Relationship Between Learning and Transfer | |
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| Theoretical Views of Transfer | |
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| Identical Elements Theory Transfer-Appropriate Processing | |
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| Application of Theory | |
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| Make Practice Difficult Vary the Type of Practice Reduce the Frequency of Feedback | |
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| Scientific Measurement and Motor Learning | |
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| Measurement and Motor Learning | |
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| Performance Curves Retention Tests Transfer Tests | |
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| Measuring Learning-Related Changes in Perception and Cognition | |
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| Expert vs. Novice Visual Occlusion Techniques Eye Movement Recordings Memory Recall Tests Knowledge Base Development | |
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| Measuring Learning-Related Changes in the Dynamics of Action | |
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| Measures of Metabolic and Mechanical Efficiency Cross-Correlation Analyses Learning Trends | |
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| Identifying the Learning-Related Changes in Performance | |
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| Memory and Learning | |
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| Contemporary Models of Memory | |
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| Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multistore Model Levels-of-Processing Framework | |
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| Neurobiology of Memory | |
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| The Limbic Connection Dual Systems Theory of Action | |
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| Types of Memory | |
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| Short-Term (Temporary) and Long Term (Permanent) Declarative and Procedural Memory The Relationship Between Learning and Memory | |
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| Factors Influencing Memory Skill | |
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| Movement Characteristics Environmental Context The Learner | |
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| Application of Theory | |
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| Increasing Amount of Original Learning Fostering Understanding of Skill-to-be-Learned Mnemonics (Memory Aids) Contextual Interference During Practice Spacing of Practice Practice-Performance Similarity | |
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| Disorders of Memory | |
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| Setting the Stage for Learning | |
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| Introducing the Skill to be Learned | |
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| Variables Influencing Model Effectiveness Evaluating Models' Effectiveness | |
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| Theoretical Explanations of the Modeling Effect | |
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| Social Learning Theory Direct Perception Approach | |
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| Discovery Learning | |
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| Applying the Principles of Discovery Learning | |
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| Organizing the Practice Environment | |
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| Structuring the Practice Session | |
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| Practice Variability | |
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| Organizing the Practice Schedule | |
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| Introducing Interference Influencing Factors Measurement of Performance, Learning, or Transfer | |
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| Theoretical Accounts of the Contextual Interference Effect | |
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| Elaboration View Action-Plan Reconstruction View | |
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| Spacing/Distribution of Practice | |
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| Practical Implications | |
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| Techniques for Enhancing Practice Effectiveness | |
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| Guidance Techniques Whole vs. Part-Task Strategies Part-Practice Methods Attentional Cueing and Whole Practice | |
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| Augmented Feedback and Learning | |
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| Form of the Feedback | |
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| Kinematic and Kinetic Visual Displays Videotape Feedback Augmented Sensory Feedback: Biofeedback Guiding Principles | |
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| Precision of Augmented Feedback | |
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| Frequency of Augmented Feedback | |
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| Fading-Frequency Schedules of KR Bandwidth KR Reversed Bandwidth KR Summary KR Average Knowledge of Results | |
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| Theoretical Explanations of the Frequency Effect | |
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| Guidance Hypothesis Consistency Hypothesis | |
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| Augmented Feedback and Motivation | |
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| References | |
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| Credits | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |