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List of Tables | |
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List of Figures | |
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List of Boxes | |
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List of Color Plates | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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A Note on Names and Pronunciation | |
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Introduction | |
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Discovery and Conquest by Europeans | |
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The Fate of the Maya Heritage | |
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The Meaning of Maya Civilization | |
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Foreign Domination and Rebirth of the Maya Heritage | |
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The Destruction of the Maya Heritage | |
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The Setting of Maya Civilization | |
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Natural and Cultural Subdivisions of the Maya Area | |
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The Pacific Coastal Plain | |
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The Highlands | |
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The Lowlands | |
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The Consequences of Ecological Diversity | |
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Archaeology and Maya Civilization | |
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Reconstructing the Past | |
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Changing Perspectives on the Maya Past | |
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Models of Past Societies | |
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Development of Complex Society and Civilization | |
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The Evolution of Civilizations | |
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Understanding the Evolution of Maya Civilization | |
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The Maya Economy | |
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Maya Social and Political Systems | |
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Maya Ideology and Religion | |
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The Ancient Maya World | |
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Elite and Nonelite Views of the Ancient Maya | |
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Chronology | |
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History and Maya Civilization | |
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Time and Maya History | |
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Numerals | |
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The Calendar | |
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Measuring the Cycles of Time | |
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Recording the Cycles of Time | |
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Sources of Maya History | |
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The Maya Chronicles | |
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Ancient Writing Systems | |
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Pre-Columbian Maya Texts | |
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Ancient Maya Writing | |
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Milestones in Decipherment | |
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Contributions to Understanding the Ancient Maya | |
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History and Maya Civilization | |
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The Origins of Maya Civilization | |
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The Chronology of Pre-Columbian Development | |
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The Archaic: Origins of Highland and Coastal Cultural Traditions | |
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The Early Preclassic: Agriculture, Warfare, and Evidence of Complex Society | |
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Preclassic Developments on the Gulf Coast of Mexico | |
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Preclassic Developments in Highland Mexico | |
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Summary of Archaic and Early Preclassic Developments | |
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Patterns in the Evolution of Mesoamerican Civilization | |
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The Emergence of Maya Civilization in the Middle Preclassic | |
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The Emergence of Complex Societies | |
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Markers of Complex Societies | |
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The Pacific Plain in the Middle Preclassic | |
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Middle Preclassic Commodities and Monuments | |
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The Highlands in the Middle Preclassic | |
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The Lowlands in the Middle Preclassic | |
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Middle Preclassic Communities | |
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The Rise of Complex Society in the Lowlands | |
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Further Middle Preclassic Developments in the Lowlands | |
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Summary: The Middle Preclassic Precursors of Maya Civilization | |
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The Origins of Maya States in the Late Preclassic | |
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Late Preclassic Maya Civilization and Writing Traditions | |
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The Late Preclassic Isthmian Tradition | |
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The Late Preclassic Southern Maya | |
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Highland-Lowland Interaction in the Preclassic | |
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The Maya Lowlands in the Late Preclassic | |
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Patterns of Late Preclassic Rulership | |
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Preclassic Developments in the Northern Lowlands | |
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Late Preclassic Lowland Maya Civilization | |
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Decline in the Terminal Preclassic | |
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Summary: Reconstructing the Maya Preclassic | |
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The Expansion of Maya States in the Early Classic | |
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The Early Classic and the Origins of Maya Civilization | |
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The Southern Maya Area in the Classic Period | |
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The Classic Transition in the Lowlands | |
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The Expansion of States in the Maya Lowlands | |
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Competition and Warfare in the Classic Lowlands | |
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The Early Classic in the Maya Lowlands | |
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The Rise of Tikal in the Early Classic (ca. 100-378) | |
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Neighboring Centers in the Central Lowlands (ca. 328-416) | |
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Strangers in the Lowlands (378-456) | |
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Expansion into the Southeastern Area (406-37) | |
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Archaeology, History, and Copan's Dynastic Founding (ca. 400-470) | |
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The Founder of Quirigua | |
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The Rise of the Calakmul Dynasty (435-561) | |
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The Calakmul-Caracol Alliance | |
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Prosperity and Problems at Tikal (458-562) | |
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The Defeat of Tikal (562) | |
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Summary: The Early Classic States of the Maya Lowlands | |
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The Apogee of Maya States in the Late Classic | |
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Ascendancy of Calakmul (562-695) | |
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The Resurgence of Tikal (682-768) | |
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Rise and Fall of the Petexbatun Kingdom (682-802) | |
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The End of the Calakmul Dynasty (695-909) | |
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Recovery and Decline at Caracol (798-859) | |
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The End of the Tikal Dynasty (768-869) | |
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Expansion of the Usumacinta Polities | |
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Expansion of the Western Polities | |
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Expansion of the Southeastern Polities | |
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Summary: Development of States in the Late Classic Lowlands | |
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Transformations in the Terminal Classic | |
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Decline in the Classic Heartland | |
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The Downfall of Classic Maya States | |
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Explanations for the End of Maya States | |
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A Scenario for the Downfall of Classic Maya States | |
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Survival and Revival of Classic Enclaves | |
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Transformation in the Terminal Classic | |
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The Transitional Regional Traditions | |
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The Rise of the Northern Lowland Polities | |
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Polities in Northwestern Yucatan | |
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Polities in Northeastern Yucatan | |
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The Rise of Chichen Itza | |
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The Itza Economy | |
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The Itza State | |
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The Cult of K'uk'ulkan | |
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Changes in the Southern Maya Area | |
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Summary: Culmination and Transition in the Terminal Classic | |
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Reformulation and Revival in the Postclassic | |
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The Downfall of Chichen Itza | |
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The Rise of Mayapan | |
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The Mayapan State | |
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The Fall of Mayapan and the Rise of Petty States | |
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The East Coast of Yucatan | |
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Revival of Fortunes in the Central Lowlands | |
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The Southern Maya Area in the Postclassic | |
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Summary: Reformulation and Revival in the Postclassic | |
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Overview: Changing Perspectives on Maya Civilization | |
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The Ancient Maya Economy | |
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The Political Economy | |
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The Social Economy | |
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Mobilization of Labor | |
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Ancient Maya Subsistence | |
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Reconstructing the Patterns of Subsistence | |
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Production of Goods | |
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Distribution of Goods | |
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The Importance of Trade | |
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Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Long-Distance Trade | |
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The Organization of Maya Society | |
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Reconstructing the Social Landscape | |
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Maya Society in the Pre-Columbian Era | |
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Marriage and the Family | |
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Ancient Maya Households | |
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Settlement in the Maya Lowlands | |
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Social Stratification | |
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Residential and Descent Groups | |
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Residential Groups and the House Model | |
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Reconstructing the Political Landscape | |
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Divine Kings and the Hierarchy of Power | |
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Maya Polities | |
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Cycles of Growth and Decline | |
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State Organizational Models | |
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The Basis of Political Power | |
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Maya Ideology and Religion | |
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Maya World View | |
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Origins of Maya Ideology | |
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Transformations by Outsiders | |
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Cosmology | |
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Maya Deities | |
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Rituals and Ceremonies | |
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Royal Rituals of the Classic Period | |
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Rituals of the Postclassic and Conquest Periods | |
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The Ideological Foundations of Maya Civilization | |
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Epilogue: The Conquest of the Maya | |
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First Contacts, 1502-25 | |
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The Period of Conquest, 1524-1697 | |
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The Subjugation of the Southern Maya by Pedro de Alvarado, 1524-27 | |
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The Subjugation of Yucatan by the Montejos, 1527-46 | |
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The Independent Itza, 1525-1696 | |
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The Subjugation of the Itza, 1696-97 | |
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Dates for K'atun and Half-K'atun Endings | |
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Bibliographic Summaries | |