| |
| |
| |
| The Science Behind the Art of Patient Intervention | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Role of Occupational and Physical Therapy in Neurorehabilitation | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation | |
| |
| |
| Definitions and Scope | |
| |
| |
| Historical Review | |
| |
| |
| Relationship Between Neuroscience and Therapeutic Application | |
| |
| |
| Neurorehabilitation: A Joint Effort | |
| |
| |
| Problem-Solving Approach to Patient/Client Intervention: Disablement Model | |
| |
| |
| The Guide to Physical Therapist Practice | |
| |
| |
| Occupational Therapy Practice Framework and the Guide to Occupational Therapy Practice | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Reasoning and Problem Solving | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Essentials of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology: A Neurorehabilitation Application Approach | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| The Language of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| General Plan of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Anatomical Divisions | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Divisions | |
| |
| |
| Building Blocks | |
| |
| |
| The Essential Neurophysiology | |
| |
| |
| Signaling and Communication Between Structures | |
| |
| |
| The Essential Neuroanatomy | |
| |
| |
| Development of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Central Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Peripheral Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Autonomic Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Support Systems: Meninges, Ventricular System, Circulation | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Thinking: Relationship Between Clinical Signs and Lesions | |
| |
| |
| What and Where Is the Lesion: Clinical Implications | |
| |
| |
| Signs and Symptoms of Neurological Impairments Affecting Movement | |
| |
| |
| Neuroplasticity and Recovery of Function | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Age | |
| |
| |
| Recovery of Function | |
| |
| |
| Neuroplasticity | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Life Span Approach to the Systems That Produce Human Movement | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Motor Control: A Historical Review | |
| |
| |
| A Systems Approach to the Nature of Movement | |
| |
| |
| Definition | |
| |
| |
| The Movement System | |
| |
| |
| Life Span Perspective | |
| |
| |
| The Nervous System: Life Span Changes | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Relevance | |
| |
| |
| Early Development of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Maturation of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| The Mature Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| The Aging Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Somatosensory System: Life Span Changes | |
| |
| |
| Contribution to Movement Control | |
| |
| |
| Functional Anatomy Overview | |
| |
| |
| Early Development of the Somatosensory System | |
| |
| |
| Maturation of the Somatosensory System | |
| |
| |
| The Mature Somatosensory System | |
| |
| |
| The Aging Somatosensory System | |
| |
| |
| Visual System: Life Span Changes | |
| |
| |
| Contribution to Movement Control | |
| |
| |
| Functional Anatomy Overview | |
| |
| |
| Early Development of the Visual System | |
| |
| |
| Maturation of the Visual System | |
| |
| |
| The Mature Visual System | |
| |
| |
| The Aging Visual System | |
| |
| |
| Vestibular System: Life Span Changes | |
| |
| |
| Contribution to Movement Control | |
| |
| |
| Functional Anatomy Overview | |
| |
| |
| Early Development of the Vestibular System | |
| |
| |
| Maturation of the Vestibular System | |
| |
| |
| The Mature Vestibular System | |
| |
| |
| The Aging Vestibular System | |
| |
| |
| Motor or Action Systems: Life Span Changes | |
| |
| |
| Contribution to Movement Control | |
| |
| |
| Functional Anatomy Overview | |
| |
| |
| Early Development of the Musculoskeletal System | |
| |
| |
| Maturation of the Musculoskeletal System | |
| |
| |
| The Mature Musculoskeletal System | |
| |
| |
| The Aging Musculoskeletal System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Life Span Motor Development | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Definition of Motor Development | |
| |
| |
| Life Span Perspective on Motor Development | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Relevance | |
| |
| |
| Review of Motor Development Theories | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Theories | |
| |
| |
| Neuromaturational Development Theories | |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Systems Perspective on Motor Development | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts Related to Motor Development | |
| |
| |
| Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Terminology Related to Direction | |
| |
| |
| Kinesiological Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Sequence | |
| |
| |
| Milestones and the Acquisition of Motor Skill | |
| |
| |
| Automatic Movements | |
| |
| |
| Functional Movement | |
| |
| |
| Operational Definition | |
| |
| |
| Functional Movement: Main Tasks and Components | |
| |
| |
| Life Span Development of Functional Movement | |
| |
| |
| Newborn | |
| |
| |
| One to Two Months | |
| |
| |
| Three to Five Months | |
| |
| |
| Six Months | |
| |
| |
| Seven to Nine Months | |
| |
| |
| Ten to Twelve Months | |
| |
| |
| Twelve to Eighteen Months | |
| |
| |
| Early Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Middle Through Late Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Aging | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Integrated Clinical Approach to the Management of Common Clinical Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motor Learning Through the Life Span | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Definition | |
| |
| |
| Motor Learning Versus Motor Control | |
| |
| |
| How Do We Learn? | |
| |
| |
| Types of Learning and Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Background/Motor Learning Theories | |
| |
| |
| Adams' Closed-Loop Theory | |
| |
| |
| Schmidt's Schema Theory | |
| |
| |
| Ecological Theory | |
| |
| |
| Key Elements of Learning and Therapeutic Considerations | |
| |
| |
| The Therapeutic Environment | |
| |
| |
| Arousal and Attention | |
| |
| |
| Motivation and Meaning | |
| |
| |
| Instruction | |
| |
| |
| Guidance | |
| |
| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Practice | |
| |
| |
| Types of Practice | |
| |
| |
| Skill Acquisition and Retention/Transfer | |
| |
| |
| Stages of Learning | |
| |
| |
| Three-Stage Model of Motor Learning | |
| |
| |
| Gentile's Two-Stage Model of Motor Learning | |
| |
| |
| The Therapist's or Assistant's Role in Facilitating Skill Acquisition | |
| |
| |
| Goal-Directed and Purposeful Activity | |
| |
| |
| Life Span Issues Related to Motor Learning | |
| |
| |
| Learning During Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Adult Learners | |
| |
| |
| Learning Changes Related to Aging | |
| |
| |
| Learning as Affected by Common Neurological Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Learning in Individuals with Mental Retardation and Cognitive Impairment | |
| |
| |
| Learning After Brain Injury | |
| |
| |
| Learning After Cerebrovascular Accident | |
| |
| |
| Learning Challenges for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease | |
| |
| |
| Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Child | |
| |
| |
| Trudy: Child Learning to Propel a Power Wheelchair | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Adult | |
| |
| |
| James: Adult Learning to Perform Wheelchair Transfers | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neurorehabilitation Intervention Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| History | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Practice from Theory | |
| |
| |
| Historical Roots Viewed Within Current Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Approaches to Intervention/Frames of Reference | |
| |
| |
| Sensorimotor Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Task-Oriented Models | |
| |
| |
| Functional Training Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Person-Centered Functional Goals | |
| |
| |
| An Integrated Approach to Intervention with Patients/Clients with Neurological Impairment at Any Age | |
| |
| |
| Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Child | |
| |
| |
| Elijah: Child with Hypotonia and Developmental Delay | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Adult | |
| |
| |
| Kitty: Adult with Hemiplegia After CVA | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Management of the Primary Neuromuscular Impairments That Interfere with Functional Movement | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Separating the Large Problem into "Mini-Problems" | |
| |
| |
| Abnormal Force Production: Definition and Description | |
| |
| |
| Weakness | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Tone Abnormalities | |
| |
| |
| Coordination Problems | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Activation and Sequencing Problems | |
| |
| |
| Timing Problems | |
| |
| |
| Involuntary Movements | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of the Functional Movement Problem in Individuals with a Neurological Impairment | |
| |
| |
| Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Child | |
| |
| |
| Lori: 12-year-old Girl with Cerebral Palsy | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Adult | |
| |
| |
| Jake: 62-year-old Man Following CVA | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Adult | |
| |
| |
| Betty: 58-year-old with Parkinson's Disease | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Management of Disorders of Postural Control and Balance | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Postural Control | |
| |
| |
| Definition and Description | |
| |
| |
| Balance | |
| |
| |
| Definition and Description | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Models of Postural Control and Balance | |
| |
| |
| Reflex-Hierarchical Model | |
| |
| |
| Systems Model | |
| |
| |
| Components of Postural Control and Balance | |
| |
| |
| Musculoskeletal Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| Neuromuscular Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| Sensory Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| Perceptual Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| Strategies for Recovery | |
| |
| |
| Sensory Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Motor Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Age-related Differences to Postural Control and Balance | |
| |
| |
| Early Development | |
| |
| |
| Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Aging | |
| |
| |
| Assessment of Postural Control and Balance | |
| |
| |
| Functional Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Systems Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Intervention for Postural Control and Balance Problems | |
| |
| |
| Impairment Level | |
| |
| |
| Strategy Level | |
| |
| |
| Functional Task Level | |
| |
| |
| Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Child | |
| |
| |
| Katarina: 13-year-old Girl Struck by a Car | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Adult | |
| |
| |
| Robert: 55-year-old Man with Parkinson's Disease | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Management of the Impaired Upper Extremity | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Functional Components of Upper Extremity Function | |
| |
| |
| Regard | |
| |
| |
| Reach | |
| |
| |
| Grasp and Manipulation | |
| |
| |
| Release | |
| |
| |
| Upper Extremity Function Across the Life Span | |
| |
| |
| Infant | |
| |
| |
| Preschool/School Age | |
| |
| |
| Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Older Adult | |
| |
| |
| Neuromuscular Impairments Resulting in Impaired Upper Extremity Function | |
| |
| |
| Weakness | |
| |
| |
| Abnormal Muscle Tone | |
| |
| |
| Incoordination | |
| |
| |
| Upper Extremity Control Problems Associated with Common Neurological Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Cerebral Palsy | |
| |
| |
| Cerebrovascular Accident and Adult Hemiplegia | |
| |
| |
| Parkinson's Disease | |
| |
| |
| Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Child | |
| |
| |
| Michael: Child Born Prematurely | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Adult | |
| |
| |
| Elizabeth: Adult with Right Cerebrovascular Accident | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Management of Impaired Lower Extremity Function | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Functional Tasks of the Lower Extremity | |
| |
| |
| Non-Weight Bearing | |
| |
| |
| Weight Bearing | |
| |
| |
| Locomotion Defined | |
| |
| |
| Rolling | |
| |
| |
| Crawling and Creeping | |
| |
| |
| Walking | |
| |
| |
| Gait Terminology | |
| |
| |
| Functional Tasks of Gait | |
| |
| |
| Gait Through the Life Span Lens | |
| |
| |
| Immature Gait | |
| |
| |
| Mature Gait | |
| |
| |
| Gait Changes in the Older Adult | |
| |
| |
| Transfer Tasks | |
| |
| |
| Abnormal Lower Extremity Function and Impaired Locomotion | |
| |
| |
| Implications for Therapeutic Intervention: Functional Costs of Pathological Gait | |
| |
| |
| Neuromuscular Impairments Resulting in Impaired Lower Extremity Function | |
| |
| |
| Functional Limitations in Gait: A Task-Oriented Approach | |
| |
| |
| Weight Acceptance | |
| |
| |
| Single Limb Support | |
| |
| |
| Limb Advancement | |
| |
| |
| Effect of an Assistive or Orthotic Device on the Functional Task of Walking | |
| |
| |
| Lower Extremity Control Problems Associated with Common Neurological Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Cerebral Palsy | |
| |
| |
| Cerebrovascular Accident and Adult Hemiplegia | |
| |
| |
| Ataxia | |
| |
| |
| Parkinson's Disease | |
| |
| |
| Spinal Cord Injury | |
| |
| |
| Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Child | |
| |
| |
| Amanda: Child with Spastic Diplegic CP | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Adult | |
| |
| |
| Anna: Adult with Ataxic MS | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |