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| Introduction to Goniometry | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Goniometry | |
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| Joint Motion | |
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| Arthrokinematics | |
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| Osteokinematics | |
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| Range of Motion | |
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| Active Range of Motion | |
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| Passive Range of Motion | |
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| Hypomobility | |
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| Hypermobility | |
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| Factors Affecting Range of Motion | |
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| Muscle Length Testing | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Positioning | |
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| Stabilization | |
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| Determining the End of the Range of Motion and End-feel | |
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| Measurement Instruments | |
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| Universal Goniometer | |
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| Gravity-dependent Goniometers (Inclinometers) | |
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| Electrogoniometers | |
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| Visual Estimation | |
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| The Universal Goniometer | |
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| Alignment | |
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| Goniometer Alignment for Elbow Flexion | |
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| Recording | |
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| Numerical Tables | |
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| Pictorial Charts | |
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| Sagittal-frontal-transverse-rotation Method | |
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| American Medical Association Guide to Evaluation Method | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Explanation Procedure | |
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| Testing Procedure | |
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| Explanation of Goniometry | |
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| Testing Procedure for Goniometric Evaluation of Elbow Flexion | |
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| Validity and Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Face Validity | |
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| Content Validity | |
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| Criterion-related Validity | |
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| Construct Validity | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Summary of Goniometric Reliability Studies | |
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| Statistical Methods of Evaluating Measurement Reliability | |
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| Exercises to Evaluate Reliability | |
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| Intratester Reliability | |
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| Intertester Reliability | |
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| Upper-Extremity Testing | |
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| The Shoulder | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Glenohumeral Joint | |
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| Sternoclavicular Joint | |
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| Acromioclavicular Joint | |
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| Scalpulothoracic Joint | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: The Shoulder | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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| Flexion | |
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| Extension | |
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| Abduction | |
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| Adduction | |
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| Medial (Internal) Rotation | |
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| Lateral (External) Rotation | |
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| The Elbow and Forearm | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Joints | |
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| Superior and Inferior Radioulnar Joints | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Elbow and Forearm | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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| Flexion | |
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| Extension | |
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| Pronation | |
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| Supination | |
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| Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Elbow and Forearm | |
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| Biceps Brachii | |
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| Triceps Brachii | |
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| The Wrist | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Wrist | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometric Alignment: The Wrist | |
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| Flexion | |
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| Extension | |
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| Radial Deviation | |
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| Ulnar Deviation | |
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| Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Wrist | |
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| Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis | |
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| Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, and Extensor Digiti Minimi | |
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| The Hand | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Joints | |
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| Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints | |
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| Thumb: Carpometacarpal Joint | |
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| Thumb: Metacarpophalangeal Joint | |
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| Thumb: Interphalangeal Joint | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Fingers | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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| Metacarpophalangeal Flexion | |
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| Metacarpophalangeal Extension | |
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| Metacarpophalangeal Abduction | |
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| Metacarpophalangeal Adduction | |
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| Proximal Interphalangeal Flexion | |
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| Proximal Interphalangeal Extension | |
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| Distal Interphalangeal Flexion | |
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| Distal Interphalangeal Extension | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Thumb | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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| Carpometacarpal Flexion | |
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| Carpometacarpal Extension | |
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| Carpometacarpal Abduction | |
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| Carpometacarpal Adduction | |
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| Carpometacarpal Opposition | |
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| Metacarpophalangeal Flexion | |
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| Metacarpophalangeal Extension | |
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| Interphalangeal Flexion | |
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| Interphalangeal Extension | |
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| Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Fingers | |
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| Lumbricals, Palmar and Dorsal Interossei | |
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| Lower-Extremity Testing | |
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| The Hip | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Iliofemoral Joint | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Hip | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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| Flexion | |
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| Extension | |
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| Abduction | |
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| Adduction | |
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| Medial (Internal) Rotation | |
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| Lateral (External) Rotation | |
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| Muscle Length Testing Procedures | |
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| Hip Flexors (Thomas Test) | |
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| The Hamstrings: Semitendinous, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris (Straight Leg Test) | |
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| Tensor Fascia Latae (Ober Test) | |
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| The Knee | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Knee | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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| Flexion | |
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| Extension | |
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| Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Knee | |
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| Rectus Femoris: Ely Test | |
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| Hamstring Muscles: Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris: Distal Hamstring Length Test | |
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| The Ankle and Foot | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Proximal and Distal Tibiofibular Joints | |
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| Talocrural Joint | |
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| Subtalar Joint | |
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| Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint | |
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| Tarsometatarsal Joints | |
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| Metatarsophalangeal Joints | |
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| Interphalangeal Joints | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Ankle and Foot | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment: Talocrural Joint | |
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| Dorsiflexion: Talocrural Joint | |
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| Plantarflexion: Talocrural Joint | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment: Tarsal Joints | |
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| Inversion: Tarsal Joints | |
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| Eversion: Tarsal Joints | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot) | |
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| Inversion: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot) | |
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| Eversion: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot) | |
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| Inversion: Transverse Tarsal Joint | |
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| Eversion: Transverse Tarsal Joint | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment: Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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| Flexion: Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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| Extension: Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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| Abduction: Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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| Adduction and Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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| Flexion: Interphalangeal Joint of the First Toe and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes | |
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| Extension: Interphalangeal Joint of the First Toe and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes | |
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| Flexion: Distal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes | |
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| Extension: Distal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes | |
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| Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Gastrocnemius | |
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| Testing of the Spine and Temporomandibular Joint | |
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| The Cervical Spine | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Atlanto-occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints | |
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| Intervertebral and Zygapophyseal Joints | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Cervical Spine | |
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| Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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| Flexion | |
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| Extension | |
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| Lateral Flexion | |
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| Rotation | |
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| The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Thoracic Spine | |
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| Lumbar Spine | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Functional Range of Motion | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures | |
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| Anatomical Landmarks: For Tape Measure Alignment | |
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| Thoracic and Lumbar Flexion | |
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| Lumbar Flexion | |
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| Thoracic and Lumbar Extension | |
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| Lumbar Extension | |
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| Thoracic and Lumbar Lateral Flexion | |
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| Thoracic and Lumbar Rotation | |
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| The Temporomandibular Joint | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Temporomandibular Joint | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Temporomandibular Joint | |
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| Landmarks for Ruler Alignment Measuring | |
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| Depression of the Mandible (Mouth Opening) | |
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| Protrusion of the Mandible | |
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| Lateral Deviation of the Mandible | |
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| Normative Range of Motion Values | |
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| Joint Measurements by Body Position | |
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| Goniometer Price Lists | |
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| Numerical Recording Forms | |
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| Index | |