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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Discoveries | |
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Introduction | |
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The Qumran Discoveries | |
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The First Cave | |
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The Seven Original Scrolls | |
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The Cave Itself | |
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The Other Caves | |
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The Ruins of Qumran | |
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The de Vaux Excavations and Interpretations | |
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The Buildings | |
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The Cemeteries | |
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Subsequent Studies and Interpretations | |
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The Buildings | |
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The Cemeteries | |
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Methods for Dating the Discoveries | |
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Methods for Dating the Texts | |
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Paleography | |
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Accelerator Mass Spectrometry | |
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Internal Allusions | |
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Methods for Dating the Other Archeological Remains | |
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Carbon 14 | |
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Pottery | |
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Coins | |
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Survey of the Manuscripts | |
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Biblical Texts | |
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Biblical Scrolls | |
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Targums | |
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Tefillin and Mezuzot | |
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Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal Texts | |
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Apocrypha | |
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Tobit | |
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Sirach (Ecclesiasticus or the Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira) | |
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Letter of Jeremiah (= Baruch 6) | |
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Psalm | |
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Pseudepigrapha | |
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Enoch or 1 Enoch | |
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Jubilees | |
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Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs | |
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New Pseudepigrapha | |
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Other Texts | |
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Commentaries on Biblical Material | |
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Continuous Commentaries | |
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The Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab) | |
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The Nahum Commentary (4Q169) | |
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The Commentary on Psalms (4Q171, 173) | |
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Thematic Commentaries | |
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Florilegium (4Q174) | |
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The Testimonia (4Q175) | |
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The Melchizedek Text (nQMclch) | |
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A Commentary on Genesis (4Q252) | |
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Paraphrases | |
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Legal Texts | |
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The Damascus Document | |
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The Rule of the Community | |
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The Temple Scroll | |
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Some of the Works of the Torah (4QMMT) | |
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Writings for Worship | |
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The Cycle of Worship | |
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Liturgical Texts | |
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Calendrical Texts | |
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Poetic Compositions | |
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The Thanksgiving Hymns | |
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Other Poems | |
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Eschatological Works | |
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The War Rule | |
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Texts about the New Jerusalem | |
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Wisdom Texts | |
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4Q184 Wiles of the Wicked Woman | |
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4Q185 Sapiential Work | |
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Instruction | |
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The Copper Scroll (3Q15) | |
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Documentary Texts | |
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The Identification of the Qumran Group | |
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The Case for the Essene Hypothesis | |
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The Evidence from Pliny the Elder | |
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The Contents of the Qumran Texts and Essene Beliefs and Practices | |
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Theology | |
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Determinism | |
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The Afterlife | |
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Practice | |
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Nonuse of Oil | |
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Property | |
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The Pure Meal | |
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Bodily Functions | |
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Spitting | |
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Problems With the Essene Hypothesis | |
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Entry Procedures | |
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Marriage | |
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The Name Essene | |
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Other Theories | |
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Sadducees | |
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Jerusalem Origins | |
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The Qumran Essenes | |
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A Sketch of the Qumran Group's History | |
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The Pre-Qumran Period | |
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The Qumran Period | |
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Phase I | |
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Phase II | |
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A Sketch of Qumran Thought and Practice | |
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Predeterminism | |
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The Two Ways | |
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The Community of the New Covenant | |
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Scriptural Interpretation | |
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The Latter Days | |
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Special Laws | |
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The Universe | |
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Worship | |
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The End and the Messiahs | |
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The Qumran Essenes and Their Place in Judaism | |
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The Scrolls and the Old Testament | |
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The Text of the Hebrew Bible/ Old Testament | |
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The Period of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament | |
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The Pre-Qumran Textual Witnesses | |
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The Masoretic Text | |
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The Septuagint | |
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The Samaritan Pentateuch | |
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Qumran Contributions | |
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The Great Isaiah Scroll | |
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Qumran Agreements with the Septuagint against the Masoretic Text | |
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Minor Examples | |
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Major Examples | |
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Jeremiah | |
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Samuel | |
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An Unusual Case | |
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Theories about Textual Development | |
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A Theory of Local Texts | |
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A Theory of Textual Plurality and Variety | |
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Successive Literary Editions | |
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New Information About the History of Some Texts | |
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The Book of Psalms | |
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Daniel 4 | |
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A Canon of Scripture | |
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Evidence outside Qumran | |
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The Prologue to Sirach (the Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira) | |
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2 Mace 2:13-15 | |
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Philo, On the Contemplative Life 25 | |
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Luke 24:44 | |
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Matt 23:35 | |
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4 Ezra 14:23-48 | |
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Josephus, Against Apion 1.37-43 | |
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Evidence from Qumran | |
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Criteria | |
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Authoritative Books | |
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Books Quoted as Authorities | |
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Other Authoritative Books | |
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Jubilees | |
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1 Enoch | |
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The Temple Scroll | |
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The Scrolls and the New Testament | |
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Introduction | |
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Similarities Between the Scrolls and the New Testament | |
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Language and Text | |
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Language | |
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The Many | |
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The Guardian | |
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Other Examples | |
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Text | |
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New Testament Papyri in Cave 7? | |
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Qumran Words and Phrases in the New Testament | |
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The Sermon on the Mount | |
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Characters | |
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John the Baptist | |
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Others | |
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Practices | |
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Shared Property | |
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The Meal | |
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Calendar | |
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Eschatology | |
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Messianism | |
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Biblical Interpretation | |
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Teachings | |
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Conclusions | |
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Controversies about the Dead Sea Scrolls | |
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Editing and Publishing the Scrolls | |
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Events Since 1989 | |
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Postscript | |
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Index | |