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| Preface | |
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| The Time of the Second Temple | |
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| The Persian Period (538-332 BCE) | |
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| Beginnings | |
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| Events in Yehud (Judah) | |
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| The Work of Ezra and Nehemiah | |
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| Jaddua and Alexander the Great | |
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| Events in Egypt | |
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| Events in Babylon and Persia | |
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| The Hellenistic Age (332-63 BCE) | |
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| Ptolemaic Control of Egypt and Judea (ca. 305-198 BCE) | |
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| Ptolemy I and Judea | |
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| Ptolemy II and the Greek Translation of the Torah | |
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| The Tobiad Romance | |
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| Seleucid Control/Influence in Judea (198-63 BCE) | |
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| Antiochus III (223-187 BCE) | |
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| Antiochus IV, High Priests, and Hellenism | |
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| The Hasmonean State (ca. 140-63 BCE) | |
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| Simon (142-134 BCE) | |
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| John Hyrcanus (134-104 BCE) | |
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| Aristobulus I (104-103 BCE) and Kingship | |
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| Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 BCE) | |
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| Salome Alexandra (76-67 BCE) | |
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| Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II (67-63 BCE) | |
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| The Roman Period (63 BCE and Beyond) | |
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| The Early Years (63-37 BCE) | |
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| Herod (37-4 BCE) and Archelaus (4 BCE-6 CE) | |
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| Direct Roman Rule (6-66 CE) | |
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| The First Jewish Revolt against Rome (66-73 CE) | |
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| The Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-135 CE) | |
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| Appendix on Egyptian Judaism | |
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| Jewish Literature of the Second Temple Period | |
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| Second Temple Texts in the Hebrew Bible | |
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| The Classification of Second Temple Literature | |
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| Apocrypha | |
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| The Catholic Deuterocanonical Books | |
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| Works in Greek Bibles but Not in the Hebrew Bible | |
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| Pseudepigrapha | |
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| Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period | |
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| Narrative Works | |
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| Histories | |
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| 1 Esdras | |
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| 1 Maccabees | |
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| 2 Maccabees | |
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| Tales | |
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| Tobit | |
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| Judith | |
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| Susanna | |
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| 3 Maccabees | |
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| Letter of Aristeas | |
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| The Greek Esther | |
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| Rewritten Scripture | |
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| 1 Enoch | |
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| The Astronomical Book of Enoch (1 Enoch 72-82) | |
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| The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1-36) | |
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| Aramaic Levi | |
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| The Book of Jubilees | |
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| The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs | |
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| Apocalypses | |
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| The Apocalypse of Weeks (1 Enoch 93:3-10; 91:11-17) | |
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| The Book of Dreams (1 Enoch 83-90) | |
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| Sibylline Oracles | |
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| The Similitudes or Parables of Enoch (1 Enoch 37-71) | |
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| The Testament of Moses | |
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| Wisdom Literature | |
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| The Wisdom of Ben Sira | |
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| The Epistle of Enoch (1 Enoch 91-107 [108]) | |
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| Baruch (or 1 Baruch) | |
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| The Wisdom of Solomon | |
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| Poetic Works | |
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| The Psalms of Solomon | |
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| The Prayer of Manasseh | |
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| The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men | |
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| Mockery of Idols | |
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| The Letter of Jeremiah | |
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| Bel and the Dragon | |
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| Philo and Josephus | |
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| Philo of Alexandria | |
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| Josephus | |
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| Great Archeological Discoveries | |
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| The Elephantine Papyri | |
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| The Dead Sea Scrolls | |
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| The Manuscripts and Fragments | |
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| Archeological Evidence | |
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| The Qumran Community and Its History | |
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| Masada | |
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| The Story | |
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| Archeological Evidence | |
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| Synthesis: Leaders, Groups, and Institutions | |
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| Rulers and Leaders | |
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| The Priests | |
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| High Priest | |
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| Leading Priests | |
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| Ordinary Priests | |
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| Civil Rulers | |
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| Sanhedrin/Council | |
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| Groups | |
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| Early Second Temple Period | |
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| Late Hellenistic and Roman Times | |
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| Pharisees | |
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| Sadducees | |
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| Essenes | |
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| Others | |
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| Worship | |
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| The Temple | |
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| The Temple Structure | |
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| The Sacrificial System | |
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| Festivals | |
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| Passover | |
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| The Festival of Unleavened Bread | |
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| Second Passover | |
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| The Festival of Weeks | |
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| The First of the Seventh Month | |
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| The Day of Atonement | |
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| The Festival of Tabernacles (or Booths) | |
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| Hanukkah | |
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| Purim | |
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| Other Forms of Worship | |
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| Music | |
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| Prayer | |
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| The Synagogue | |
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| Scriptures | |
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| Groups of Authoritative Writings | |
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| Versions | |
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| Interpretation | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |