| Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
| Preface to the Second Printing | p. xv |
| Introduction: The Body-Soul Question: Still A Vexing Problem | p. 1 |
| Traditional Christian Anthropology and Its Modern Critics | p. 7 |
| Early Christian Views of the Afterlife | p. 7 |
| Dualistic Anthropologies | p. 10 |
| Augustine | p. 10 |
| Thomas Aquinas | p. 11 |
| John Calvin | p. 13 |
| Rene Descartes | p. 14 |
| Conclusion | p. 15 |
| Nondualistic Philosophical Anthropologies | p. 16 |
| Thomas Hobbes and Materialism | p. 16 |
| Baruch Spinoza and Dual-Aspect Monism | p. 18 |
| Conclusion | p. 20 |
| The Scientific Challenge to Dualism | p. 21 |
| The Challenge to Dualism from Biblical Scholarship | p. 23 |
| The Historical-Theological Challenge to Dualism | p. 25 |
| The Challenge to Dualism from Christian Orthopraxis | p. 26 |
| Conclusion | p. 31 |
| Old Testament Anthropology: The Holistic Emphasis | p. 33 |
| Introduction: The State of the Debate | p. 33 |
| Traditional Christian Dualism | p. 33 |
| Modern Christian Antidualism | p. 34 |
| Some Questions | p. 36 |
| The Holistic Emphasis of the Old Testament | p. 37 |
| Antidualist Emphases | p. 37 |
| Old Testament Anthropological Terms | p. 38 |
| Preliminary Results for the Holism-Dualism Debate | p. 43 |
| Philosophical Reflections | p. 45 |
| The Old Testament, Holism, and Monism | p. 45 |
| The Old Testament and Philosophical Anthropology | p. 49 |
| Old Testament Anthropology: The Dualistic Implication | p. 52 |
| The Old Testament View of Existence after Death | p. 52 |
| Introduction: The Rephaim in Sheol | p. 52 |
| Sheol | p. 54 |
| Existence in Sheol | p. 55 |
| Terminology for the Dead | p. 59 |
| Hope Beyond the Grave; Resurrection | p. 62 |
| Philosophical Reflection: Holistic Dualism | p. 66 |
| Clarifying the Anthropological Image | p. 66 |
| Dualism: The Inescapable Implication of Existence in Sheol | p. 69 |
| Holistic Dualism: Philosophical Implication of Old Testament Anthropology | p. 70 |
| The Anthropology of Intertestamental Eschatology | p. 73 |
| Introduction | p. 73 |
| Intertestamental Views of the Afterlife | p. 74 |
| Old Testament Background | p. 74 |
| Sheol and the Sadducees | p. 76 |
| The Immortality of the Soul | p. 77 |
| Varieties of Resurrection | p. 78 |
| The Intermediate State | p. 81 |
| Hellenistic Dualism? | p. 85 |
| Where Are the Dead? A Topography of the Afterlife | p. 86 |
| The Pharisees | p. 89 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 91 |
| The Monism-Dualism Debate about New Testament Anthropology | p. 94 |
| Introduction | p. 94 |
| A Preliminary Assessment of the Case for Dualism | p. 96 |
| A Preliminary Assessment of the Case for Monism | p. 99 |
| The Key Issue: What Happens When We Die? | p. 104 |
| An Intermediate State Presupposes Dualism | p. 104 |
| Alternative One: Immediate Resurrection | p. 106 |
| Alternative Two: Extinction-Re-creation | p. 107 |
| The Strategy for Concluding the Debate | p. 108 |
| Anthropology And Personal Eschatology in the New Testament: The Non-Pauline Writings | p. 110 |
| Introduction: Refining the Terms of the Debate | p. 110 |
| Dualism in the Anthropological Terminology | p. 112 |
| "Spirit" | p. 112 |
| "Soul" | p. 115 |
| Summary on "Soul" and "Spirit" | p. 119 |
| Is There a Non-Pauline Eschatology? | p. 119 |
| The Time of the Resurrection | p. 120 |
| The God of the Living | p. 121 |
| The Transfiguration | p. 122 |
| The Rich Man and Lazarus | p. 124 |
| Jesus and the Thief on the Cross | p. 127 |
| Where Was Jesus Between Good Friday and Easter Sunday? | p. 129 |
| Provisional Conclusion | p. 132 |
| Anthropology And Personal Eschatology in the New Testament: The Pauline Epistles | p. 134 |
| Introduction | p. 134 |
| Relevant Pauline Texts | p. 135 |
| Acts 23:6-8 | p. 135 |
| I Thessalonians 4:13-18 | p. 137 |
| I Corinthians 15 | p. 139 |
| II Corinthians 5:1-10 | p. 141 |
| II Corinthians 12:1-4 | p. 149 |
| Philippians 1:21-24 | p. 151 |
| The Time of the Resurrection in Philippians and Romans | p. 153 |
| Conclusions | p. 154 |
| Paul | p. 154 |
| The New Testament as a Whole | p. 156 |
| New Testament Eschatology and Philosophical Anthropology | p. 158 |
| Introduction | p. 158 |
| The Intermediate State and Dualism | p. 159 |
| Immediate Resurrection: Monism or Dualism? | p. 164 |
| Monism, Re-creation, and the Problem of Personal Identity | p. 169 |
| Conclusion | p. 177 |
| Practical And Theological Objections against Dualism | p. 179 |
| Introduction: The Case Is Not Completely Closed | p. 179 |
| Objection One: Dualism Undermines Christian Orthopraxis | p. 180 |
| The Problem | p. 180 |
| Religious Dualism | p. 182 |
| Axiological Dualism | p. 184 |
| Functional Dualism | p. 187 |
| Social Dualism | p. 190 |
| Conclusion | p. 190 |
| Objection Two: At Death We Pass out of Time; There Is No Intermediate State | p. 191 |
| Objection Three: The Whole Person Does Not Die | p. 194 |
| Objection Four: An Immortal Soul Is Postulated | p. 196 |
| Objection Five: Dualism Is a Result of the Fall; It Is Not Inherent in Creation | p. 198 |
| Objection Six: The Bible Depicts the Dead as Bodily Beings, Not Immaterial Spirits | p. 200 |
| Conclusion | p. 202 |
| Holistic Dualism, Science, and Philosophy | p. 204 |
| Introduction: The Final Topic of Debate | p. 204 |
| Dualism and Science | p. 205 |
| Brain Physiology | p. 205 |
| Psychology | p. 209 |
| The Question of Holism | p. 210 |
| The Psychology of Near-Death Experiences | p. 212 |
| Anthropological Dualism in Philosophy | p. 215 |
| Introduction | p. 215 |
| John Cobb and Process Philosophy | p. 216 |
| Richard Swinburne and Dualistic Interactionism | p. 220 |
| Pope John Paul II and Lublin Thomism | p. 222 |
| Herman Dooyeweerd and Neo-Calvinist Philosophy | p. 226 |
| Summary | p. 230 |
| Final Conclusion: Holistic Dualism Vindicated | p. 230 |
| Indexes | |
| Index of Subjects | p. 233 |
| Index of Authors | p. 236 |
| Index of Scripture References | p. 239 |
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