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| Descartes' rationalism & laws of motion | |
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| Descartes' methodological rules : from Rules for the direction of the mind | |
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| Descartes' ontological proof of God : from Meditations on first philosophy | |
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| Descartes' laws of motion : from Principles of philosophy | |
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| A discussion of Descartes' methodology : from Descartes' Metaphysical physics | |
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| Newton's inductivism & and law of gravity | |
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| Newton's methodological rules : from The principia, book 3 | |
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| Newton's "phenomena" and derivation of the law of gravity : from The principia, book 3 | |
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| Newton on "hypotheses," God, and gravity : from The principia, general scholium | |
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| Cohen's discussion of Newton's methodology : from A guide to Newton's principia | |
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| Whewell's critique of Newton's methodology : from The philosophy of the inductive sciences | |
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| Hypothetico-deductivism, the Mill-Whewell debate, & the wave theory of light | |
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| Young's wave theory of light : from A course of lectures on natural philosophy | |
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| Whewell's hypothetico-deductivism : from The philosophy of the inductive sciences | |
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| Popper's falsificationism : from The logic of scientific discovery | |
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| Mill's inductivism and debate with Whewell : from A system of logic, book 3 | |
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| The wave theory of light and the Mill-Whewell debate : waves and scientific method | |
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| Realism vs. antirealism & molecular reality | |
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| Duhem's antirealism : from The aim and structure of physical theory | |
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| Van Fraassen's antirealism : from The scientific image | |
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| Perrin's realism and argument for molecules : from Atoms | |
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| Salmon's empirical defense of realism : from Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world | |
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| Realism and Perrin's argument for molecules : is there a valid experimental argument for scientific realism? | |
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| Galileo's tower argument & rejections of universal rules of method | |
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| Galileo's refutation of the tower argument : from Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems | |
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| Feyerabend's rejection of universal rules : from Against method : outline of an anarchistic theory of knowledge | |
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| A critique of Feyerabend's anarchism : proliferation : is it a good thing? | |
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| Kuhn's rejection of universal rules : from The structure of scientific revolutions | |
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| A discussion of Kuhn's "values" : subjective views of Kuhn | |
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