| |
| |
| Arrangement of subjects | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by fungi | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Ascomycota, Plates 1-123 | |
| |
| |
| Foliar diseases, Plates 1-57, 94 | |
| |
| |
| Anthracnoses, Plates 40, 47-56 | |
| |
| |
| Shoot blights and twig diebacks, Plates 15, 30, 31, 37, 44-46, 50, 52, 55, 56, 58, 64, 72, 95 | |
| |
| |
| Stem galls, Plates 66, 73-75 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers and diebacks, Plates 50, 52, 55-65, 67-71, 76-107, 115, 116 | |
| |
| |
| Root diseases, Plates 108-114 | |
| |
| |
| Systemic diseases, Plates 46, 114-123 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Basidiomycota, Plates 124-174 | |
| |
| |
| Foliar diseases, Plates 124-145 | |
| |
| |
| Rusts, Plates 128-151 | |
| |
| |
| Trunk and limb rots, Plates 152-161 | |
| |
| |
| Canker-rots, Plates 155-158, 161 | |
| |
| |
| Root diseases, Plates 112, 127, 162-174 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Oomycota, Plates 175-182 | |
| |
| |
| Bacterial diseases, Plates 183-200 | |
| |
| |
| Negibacteria, Plates 183-193 | |
| |
| |
| Mollicutes, Plates 194-200 | |
| |
| |
| Viral diseases, Plates 201-213 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by nematodes, Plates 214-216 | |
| |
| |
| Plant-pathogenic algae and plants, Plates 217-227 | |
| |
| |
| Declines, environmental damage, and unexplained growth abnormalities, Plates 228-253 | |
| |
| |
| Declines, Plates 228-231 | |
| |
| |
| Damage by toxic agents, Plates 232-241 | |
| |
| |
| Mineral deficiencies, Plates 242-243 | |
| |
| |
| Damage by drought, heat, freezing, excess water, Plates 244-249 | |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous injuries and disorders, Plates 250-253 | |
| |
| |
| Restoration of sapwood and bark after injury or infection, Plates 254-257 | |
| |
| |
| Associations of normal woody plants with other organisms, Plates 258-261 | |
| |
| |
| About this book | |
| |
| |
| How to use this book | |
| |
| |
| Dedication and acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by fungi | |
| |
| |
| Overview of fungal diseases of woody plants | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Ascomycota, Plates 1-123 | |
| |
| |
| Foliar diseases, Plates 1-57, 94 | |
| |
| |
| Taphrina diseases: leaf curls and blisters, bladder plum, witches'-brooms, Plates 1, 2 | |
| |
| |
| Powdery mildews, Plates 3-6 | |
| |
| |
| Witches'-broom of hackberry and black witches'-broom of serviceberry, Plate 6 | |
| |
| |
| Dark fungi on plants: sooty molds, black mildews, and others, Plate 7 | |
| |
| |
| Spot anthracnoses and scabs caused by Elsinoe and Sphaceloma, Plate 8 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Mycosphaerella species and related anamorphs, Plates 9-17 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Leaf spots of ash, walnut, citrus, rose, mountainash, sycamore, Plates 9, 10 | |
| |
| |
| Septoria diseases of poplar and other plants, Plate 11 | |
| |
| |
| Brown spot needle blight of pines, Plate 12 | |
| |
| |
| Dothistroma needle blight of pines, Plate 13 | |
| |
| |
| Stigmina leaf spot of palms, Plate 14 | |
| |
| |
| Mycosphaerella leaf spot of Yucca, Plate 14 | |
| |
| |
| Blights and leaf spots caused by fungi of the Cercospora complex, Plates 15, 16 | |
| |
| |
| "Cercospora" blights of Cupressaceae | |
| |
| |
| Some "Cercospora" leaf spots | |
| |
| |
| Linden leaf blotch, and leaf spots caused by Coniothyrium, Microsphaeropsis, Sonderhenia, and "Hendersonia," Plate 17 | |
| |
| |
| Ascochyta blight of lilac, Plate 18 | |
| |
| |
| Leaf spots and blotches caused by Guignardia and Phyllosticta, Plates 19, 20 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Guignardia species: leaf blotch of horse-chestnut and buckeye, leaf spot of Boston ivy, black rot of grapevine | |
| |
| |
| Phyllosticta leaf spots and blotches of dogwood, hazelnut, witch-hazel, maples | |
| |
| |
| Tubakia leaf spot of oaks and other trees and fly-speck leaf spot of Vaccinium, Plate 21 | |
| |
| |
| Needle blights and needle casts of conifers, Plates 12, 13, 15, 22-31 | |
| |
| |
| Lophodermium needle casts, Plate 22 | |
| |
| |
| Ploioderma needle casts of pines, Plate 23 | |
| |
| |
| Canavirgella and Davisomycella needle casts of pines, Plate 24 | |
| |
| |
| Elytroderma needle casts of pines, Plate 25 | |
| |
| |
| Lophodermella and Cyclaneusma needle casts of pines, Plate 26 | |
| |
| |
| Rhizosphaera and Isthmiella needle casts, Plate 27 | |
| |
| |
| Rhabdocline and Swiss needle casts of Douglas-fir, Plate 28 | |
| |
| |
| Meria needle blight of larch and Didymascella leaf blight of cedar, Plate 29 | |
| |
| |
| Snow blights, Plate 30 | |
| |
| |
| Brown felt blights, Plate 31 | |
| |
| |
| Tar spots, Plate 32 | |
| |
| |
| Ink spot leaf blight of aspen and poplar, Plate 33 | |
| |
| |
| Ovulinia petal blight of Rhododendron and Ciborinia flower blight of Camellia, Plate 34 | |
| |
| |
| Botrytis blight, Plate 35 | |
| |
| |
| Cristulariella leaf spots, Plate 36 | |
| |
| |
| Brown rot of stone fruits, Plate 37 | |
| |
| |
| Entomosporium leaf spot of Maloideae, Plate 38 | |
| |
| |
| Black spot of rose and Blumeriella leaf spot of cherry and plum, Plate 39 | |
| |
| |
| Marssonina spots and blights, Plate 40 | |
| |
| |
| Leaf spots and blights of aspen and poplar | |
| |
| |
| Anthracnoses of birch and bittersweet | |
| |
| |
| Alternaria blights and leaf spots, Plate 41 | |
| |
| |
| Shoot blights and twig diebacks, Plates 15, 30, 31, 37, 44-46, 50, 52, 55, 56, 58, 64, 72, 95 | |
| |
| |
| Scab diseases caused by Venturia species, Plates 42-45 | |
| |
| |
| Apple scab, Plate 42 | |
| |
| |
| Scabs of firethron, loquat, and toyon, Plate 43 | |
| |
| |
| Venturia leaf and shoot blights of aspen and poplar, Plate 44 | |
| |
| |
| Scab and black canker of willow and Venturia leaf blotch of maple, Plate 45 | |
| |
| |
| Bronze leaf disease of aspen and poplar and Linospora leaf blight of balsam poplars, Plate 46 | |
| |
| |
| Anthracnoses, Plates 40, 47-56 | |
| |
| |
| Anthracnose overview and black spot of elm, Plate 47 | |
| |
| |
| Ash anthracnose, Plate 48 | |
| |
| |
| Oak anthracnose, Plate 49 | |
| |
| |
| Sycamore anthracnose, Plate 50 | |
| |
| |
| Walnut anthracnose and Gnomonia leaf spots of hickory and pecan, Plate 51 | |
| |
| |
| Dogwood anthracnose, Plate 52 | |
| |
| |
| Anthracnoses of birch, filbert, and redbud, Plate 53 | |
| |
| |
| Anthracnoses and Didymosporina leaf spot of maples, Plate 54 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers and diebacks, Plates 50, 52, 55-65, 67-71, 76-107, 115, 116 | |
| |
| |
| Hornbeam anthracnose, Plate 55 | |
| |
| |
| Anthracnoses and diebacks caused by Glomerella and Colletotrichum, Plate 56 | |
| |
| |
| Butternut canker, Plate 57 | |
| |
| |
| Sirococcus blight of conifers, Plate 58 | |
| |
| |
| Ceratocystis cankers, see Plates 115, 116 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Botryosphaeria and allied fungi, Plates 59-67 | |
| |
| |
| Botryosphaeria cankers and diebacks, Plates 59-63 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers, dieback, and leaf blight caused by | |
| |
| |
| B. dothidea and B. ribis, Plates 59, 60 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers and dieback caused by | |
| |
| |
| B. stevensii and Diplodia quercina, Plate 60 | |
| |
| |
| B. quercuum and related fungi on oak, Plate 61 | |
| |
| |
| B. obtusa, Plate 62 | |
| |
| |
| B. rhodina, Plate 63 | |
| |
| |
| Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) blight of pines and other conifers, Plate 64 | |
| |
| |
| Sphaeropsis canker and dieback of elm, Plate 65 | |
| |
| |
| Sphaeropsis knot and Diplodia gall, Plate 66 | |
| |
| |
| Melanconis diebacks and sooty canker, Plate 67 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Diaporthe and Phomopsis species, Plates 68-74 | |
| |
| |
| Diaporthe and Phomopsis cankers and diebacks, Plates 68-72 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Phomopsis canker of Russian-olive, Plate 68 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases of Rhododendron, Plate 68 | |
| |
| |
| Phomopsis cankers of almond and peach, Plate 69 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases associated with the Diaporthe eres complex, Plates 69-71 | |
| |
| |
| Phomopsis dieback of poplar, Plate 70 | |
| |
| |
| Diaporthe canker and dieback of sycamore, Plate 70 | |
| |
| |
| Phomopsis dieback of weeping fig, Plate 70 | |
| |
| |
| Other cankers and diebacks caused by Diaporthe and Phomopsis | |
| |
| |
| Diaporthe and Phomopsis cankers of conifers, Plate 71 | |
| |
| |
| Phomopsis, Kabatina, and Sclerophoma blights of Juniper and other gymnosperms, Plate 72 | |
| |
| |
| Stem galls, Plates 66, 73-75 | |
| |
| |
| Phomopsis galls, Plate 73 | |
| |
| |
| Phomopsis canker of Gardenia and Nectriella gall of ornamental plats, Plate 74 | |
| |
| |
| Black knot of Prunus, Plate 75 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers and diebacks, continued | |
| |
| |
| Cryptodiaporthe cankers, Plates 76, 77 | |
| |
| |
| Cryptodiaporthe canker of poplar, Plate 76 | |
| |
| |
| Cryptodiaporthe canker of willow, Plate 77 | |
| |
| |
| Golden canker of alternate-leaf dogwood, Plate 77 | |
| |
| |
| Eastern filbert blight, Plate 78 | |
| |
| |
| Chestnut blight, Plate 79 | |
| |
| |
| Chrysoporthe canker of Eucalyptus, Plate 80 | |
| |
| |
| Endothia canker, Plate 81 | |
| |
| |
| Leucostoma and Valsa cankers, Plates 82-86 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Valsa cankers and diebacks of conifers, Plate 82 | |
| |
| |
| Leucostoma canker of spruce and other conifers, Plate 83 | |
| |
| |
| Leucostoma cankers of Prunus, Plate 84 | |
| |
| |
| Leucostoma and Valsa cankers of poplar and willow, Plate 85 | |
| |
| |
| Valsa cankers of maple, Plate 86 | |
| |
| |
| Cryptosporiopsis canker of red maple, Plate 86 | |
| |
| |
| Nectria cankers and diebacks, Plates 87-91 | |
| |
| |
| Coral-spot Nectria canker, Plate 87 | |
| |
| |
| Tubercularia canker and dieback, Plate 88 | |
| |
| |
| Thyronectria canker of honeylocust, Plate 89 | |
| |
| |
| Perennial Nectria canker, Plate 90 | |
| |
| |
| Beech bark disease, Plate 91 | |
| |
| |
| Fusarium cankers, Plates 92, 93 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers caused by Fusarium solani or F. lateritium, Plate 92 | |
| |
| |
| Pitch canker of pines, Plate 93 | |
| |
| |
| Pestalotiopsis spots, blights, and diebacks, Plate 94 | |
| |
| |
| Seiridium cankers of cypress, Plate 95 | |
| |
| |
| Cryptosphaeria canker of aspen, Plate 96 | |
| |
| |
| Eutypella canker of maples, Plate 97 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers and diebacks caused by Xylariaceous fungi, Plates 98-102 | |
| |
| |
| Entoleuca (Hypoxylon) canker of aspen, Plate 98 | |
| |
| |
| Biscogniauxia cankers and diebacks, Plates 99, 100 | |
| |
| |
| Biscogniauxia (Hypoxylon) diebacks of oaks, Plate 99 | |
| |
| |
| Blister canker, Plate 100 | |
| |
| |
| Camillea- and Hypoxylon-associated cankers and diebacks, Plate 101 | |
| |
| |
| Basal canker and butt rot caused by Kretzschmaria deusta, Plate 102 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers and diebacks caused by discomycetes, Plates 103-107 | |
| |
| |
| Sooty-bark canker of aspen and poplar, Plate 103 | |
| |
| |
| Cenangium dieback of pines, Plate 104 | |
| |
| |
| Scleroderris canker of conifers, Plate 105 | |
| |
| |
| Atropellis cankers of pines, Plate 106 | |
| |
| |
| Lachnellula cankers of conifers and Strumella canker of hardwoods, Plate 107 | |
| |
| |
| Root diseases, Plates 108-114 | |
| |
| |
| Charcoal root rot and Fusarium root rots, Plate 108 | |
| |
| |
| Root rots and blights caused by Cylindrocladium and Cylindrocladiella, Plate 109 | |
| |
| |
| Phymatotrichum and Thielaviopsis root rots, Plate 110 | |
| |
| |
| Xylaria and Rosellinia root rots, Plate 111 | |
| |
| |
| Rhizina root rot and southern blight, Plate 112 | |
| |
| |
| Procerum root disease of pines, Plate 113 | |
| |
| |
| Systemic fungal diseases, Plates 114, 116-123 | |
| |
| |
| Black stain root disease of conifers, Plate 114 | |
| |
| |
| Ceratocystis cankers, Plates 115, 116 | |
| |
| |
| Ceratocystis cankers of Populus and Prunus, Plate 115 | |
| |
| |
| Canker-stain of planetree and sycamore, Plate 116 | |
| |
| |
| Sapstreak disease and bluestain, Plate 117 | |
| |
| |
| Oak wilt, Plate 118 | |
| |
| |
| Dutch elm disease, Plate 119 | |
| |
| |
| Verticillium wilt, Plates 120, 121 | |
| |
| |
| Persimmon wilt, Plate 122 | |
| |
| |
| Fusarium wilts, Plate 123 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Basidiomycota, Plates 124-174 | |
| |
| |
| Foliar diseases, Plates 124-145 | |
| |
| |
| Exobasidium galls and blisters, Plate 124 | |
| |
| |
| Articularia and Microstroma leaf spots and witches'-brooms, Plate 125 | |
| |
| |
| Insolibasidium blight of honeysuckle and false smut of palms, Plate 126 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Rhizoctonia-forming fungi, Plate 127 | |
| |
| |
| Rusts, Plates 128-151 | |
| |
| |
| Overview of rusts | |
| |
| |
| Phragmidium rusts, Plate 128 | |
| |
| |
| Gymnosporangium rusts, Plates 129-133 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Cedar-apple rust, Plate 129 | |
| |
| |
| Hawthorn rust, Plate 130 | |
| |
| |
| Quince rust, Plate 131 | |
| |
| |
| Juniper broom rust, Plate 132 | |
| |
| |
| Broom rust of incense-cedar and rust galls on south-western junipers, Plates 132, 133 | |
| |
| |
| Medlar rust, Plate 133 | |
| |
| |
| Additional Gymnosporangium rusts | |
| |
| |
| Puccinia and Cumminsiella rusts, Plates 134, 135 | |
| |
| |
| Ash rust, Plate 134 | |
| |
| |
| Cluster-cup rust of currant and gooseberry, Plate 135 | |
| |
| |
| Crown rust of buckthorn, Plate 135 | |
| |
| |
| Rusts on Berberis and Mahonia, Plate 135 | |
| |
| |
| Fig rust and birch rust, Plate 136 | |
| |
| |
| Pucciniastrum and allied rusts, Plates 137, 138 | |
| |
| |
| Hemlock-hydrangea rust, Plate 137 | |
| |
| |
| Hemlock-blueberry rusts, Plate 137 | |
| |
| |
| Fir-fireweed and fuschia rusts, Plates 137, 138 | |
| |
| |
| Fir-blueberry rust, Plate 138 | |
| |
| |
| Other Pucciniastrum and Thekopsora rusts in North America | |
| |
| |
| Fir-fern rusts, Plate 139 | |
| |
| |
| Broom rust of fir, Plate 140 | |
| |
| |
| Melampsora rusts, Plates 141, 142 | |
| |
| |
| Poplar rusts, Plate 141 | |
| |
| |
| Willow rusts, Plate 142 | |
| |
| |
| Chrysomyxa rusts of spruce, Plate 143 | |
| |
| |
| Needle rusts of pines, Plate 144 | |
| |
| |
| Stem and cone rusts of pines, Plates 145-151 | |
| |
| |
| Overview of North American Cronartium rusts, Plate 145 | |
| |
| |
| White pine blister rust, Plate 146 | |
| |
| |
| Fusiform rust and pine-oak gall rusts, Plate 147 | |
| |
| |
| Sweetfern blister rust, Plate 148 | |
| |
| |
| Stalactiform and Comandra blister rusts, Plate 149 | |
| |
| |
| Limb rusts and cone rusts, Plate 150 | |
| |
| |
| Western gall rust, Plate 151 | |
| |
| |
| Trunk and limb rots of hardwoods, Plates 152-159 | |
| |
| |
| Overview of wood types and decay processes | |
| |
| |
| Representative decay fungi: Stereum gausapatum, Hericium erinaceus, Phellinus species, Climacodon septentrionalis, Bjerkandera adusta, Fomes fomentarius, Globifomes graveolens, Perenniporia fraxinophila, Oxyporus populinus, Trametes versicolor, Polyporus squamosus, Laetiporus species, Piptoporus betulinus, Plates 152-154 | |
| |
| |
| Canker-rots of hardwoods, Plates 155-158 | |
| |
| |
| Spiculosa canker, Plate 155 | |
| |
| |
| Canker rots of birch, Plate 156 | |
| |
| |
| Hispidus canker, heart rot and canker-rot caused by Inonotus andersonii, canker-rot caused by Inonotus glomeratus, Plate 157 | |
| |
| |
| Sapwood rot and cankers caused by Cerrena unicolor and Schizophyllum commune, Plate 158 | |
| |
| |
| Sapwood decay and silverleaf caused by Chondrostereum purpureum, Plate 159 | |
| |
| |
| Trunk rots and canker-rots of conifers, Plates 160, 161 | |
| |
| |
| Heart rots caused by Fomitopsis pinicola and Echinodontium tinctorium, Plate 160 | |
| |
| |
| Heart rot caused by Phellinus pini and canker rot caused by P. cancriformans, Plate 161 | |
| |
| |
| Root diseases, Plates 162-174 | |
| |
| |
| Southern blight, see Plate 112 | |
| |
| |
| Rhizoctonia diseases, see Plate 127 | |
| |
| |
| Armillaria root rots, Plates 162-164 | |
| |
| |
| Mushroom root rot, Plate 164 | |
| |
| |
| Root and butt rots caused by Heterobasidion species, Plates 165, 166 | |
| |
| |
| Red root and butt rot of conifers, Plates 167, 168 | |
| |
| |
| Brown root and butt rot of conifers, Plate 169 | |
| |
| |
| Laminated root rots of conifers, Plate 170 | |
| |
| |
| Root and butt rots caused by Inonotus dryadeus and Oxyporus latemarginatus, Plate 171 | |
| |
| |
| Ganoderma root and butt rots and trunk decay, Plates 172-174 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Root and butt rot of palms, Plate 172 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases of woody dicots caused by laccate Ganodermas, Plate 173 | |
| |
| |
| Ganodermas on conifers, Plate 173 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Ganoderma applanatum and related fungi, Plate 174 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Oomycota, Plates 175-182 | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Oomycetes | |
| |
| |
| Downy mildews, Plate 175 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Phytophthora species, Plates 176-182 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Shoot blights, diebacks, and fruit rots, Plate 176 | |
| |
| |
| Cankers, collar and crown rots, foot rots, and root rots, Plates 176-180 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Phytophthora ramorum, Plate 178 | |
| |
| |
| Collar, crown, and foot rots, Plates 179, 180 | |
| |
| |
| Root rots and feeder root necroses, Plates 180-182 | |
| |
| |
| Root and crown rot of Port Orford cedar, Plate 180 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Plates 181, 182 | |
| |
| |
| Other Phytophthora root rots | |
| |
| |
| Bacterial diseases, Plates 183-200 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Leaf spots, blights, and cankers, Plates 183-188 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Pseudomonas species, Plates 183, 184 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by Xanthomonas species: citrus canker, bacterial spot of Prunus, bacterial blight of walnut, and others, Plates 184-186 | |
| |
| |
| Fire blight, Plate 187 | |
| |
| |
| Bleeding bacterial cankers, Plate 188 | |
| |
| |
| Bacterial galls of olive, oleander, and ash, Plate 189 | |
| |
| |
| Crown gall, Plate 190 | |
| |
| |
| Wetwood, slime flux, alcoholic flux, Plate 191 | |
| |
| |
| Bacterial scorch diseases, Plates 192, 193 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Representative diseases: Pierce's disease of grapevine, almond leaf scorch, bacterial scorch of landscape trees and shrubs | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by mollicutes, Plates 194-200 | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Representative diseases: pear decline, Prunus yellow leafroll, stubborn disease of citrus, walnut witches'-broom, bunch disease of pecan and other hickories, witches'-brooms of lilac and other plants, Plates 194-196 | |
| |
| |
| Elm yellows, Plate 197 | |
| |
| |
| Ash yellows, Plate 198 | |
| |
| |
| X-disease of Prunus, Plate 199 | |
| |
| |
| Lethal yellowing of palms, Plate 200 | |
| |
| |
| Viral diseases, Plates 201-213 | |
| |
| |
| Overview and plant virus diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by nepoviruses: Prunus stem pitting, apple brown line, Forsythia yellow net, ash diseases, and others, Plates 201-203 | |
| |
| |
| Diseases caused by carlaviruses: poplar mosaic, lilac mottle, and others, Plate 204 | |
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| Diseases caused by ilarviruses: sour cherry yellows, Prunus necrotic ringspot, apple mosaic, rose mosaic, and others, Plate 205 | |
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| Diseases associated with cucumoviruses, potyviruses, foveaviruses, varicosaviruses: leaf and flower reddening in Nandina, necrotic spots and ring mottle in Prunus, Camellia yellow mottle, Plate 206 | |
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| Diseases associated with tobamoviruses: tobacco mosaic and tomato mosaic viruses, and others, Plate 207 | |
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| Diseases associated with rhabdoviruses, necroviruses, Tobacco necrosis virus, Plate 207 | |
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| Diseases caused by viruslike agents not fully characterized, Plates 208-213 | |
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| Rose rosette, Plate 208 | |
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| Diseases of Rhododendron and related plants, Rhododendron necrotic ringspot, Plate 209 | |
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| Viral diseases of aspen and poplar, Plate 210 | |
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| Redbud and hibiscus diseases, Plate 211 | |
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| Apple flatlimb, Plate 212 | |
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| Viral symptoms in Acer, Chaenomeles, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Lonicera, Magnolia, Plates 212, 213 | |
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| Striped chlorosis of Albizia, fig mosaic, oak viruses, viral symptoms in Bougainvillea, Celtis, Euonymus, Plate 213 | |
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| Viral diseases of conifers | |
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| Diseases caused by Nematodes, Plates 214-216 | |
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| Overview of plant-parasitic nematodes | |
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| Representative nematodes that attack roots: root knot nematodes, burrowing nematode, stunt nematodes, lesion nematodes, dagger nematodes, Plates 214, 215 | |
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| Wilt of pines caused by pine wood nematodes, Plate 216 | |
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| Plant-pathogenic algae and plants, Plates 217-227 | |
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| Algal leaf spot, or green scurf, Plate 217 | |
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| North American leafy mistletoes, Plates 218-220 | |
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| Characteristics and habits of Phoradendron | |
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| Mistletoes on angiosperms, Plates 218, 219 | |
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| Mistletoes primarily on gymnosperms, Plate 220 | |
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| Dwarf mistletoes, Plates 221-225 | |
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| Overview | |
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| Representative dwarf mistletoes: Arceuthobium americanum, A. campylopodum complex (A. campylopodum, A. occidentale, A. laricis, A. tsugense, others), A. douglasii, A. gillii, A. vaginatum, A. pusillum, Plates 221-225 | |
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| Cassytha and dodder, Plate 226 | |
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| Vines that damage trees, Plate 227 | |
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| Declines, environmental damage, and unexplained growth abnormalities, Plates 228-253 | |
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| Decline diseases with multiple or obscure causal factors, Plates 228-231 | |
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| Concepts and overview | |
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| Maple decline, Plate 228 | |
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| Ash decline, Plate 229 | |
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| Birch decline, pine declines, Plate 230 | |
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| Oak decline, citrus blight, Plate 231 | |
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| Damage by environmental factors, Plates 232-251 | |
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| Damage by salt and other inorganic poisons, Plates 232, 233 | |
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| Damage by misapplied pesticides, Plates 234-236 | |
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| Injuries and diseases caused by air pollutants, Plates 237-241 | |
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| Overview | |
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| Damage by ozone, Plates 237-239 | |
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| Damage by sulfur dioxide, Plate 240 | |
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| Damage by fluorides and minor pollutant gases, Plate 241 | |
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| Mineral nutrient deficiencies, Plates 242, 243 | |
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| Damage by drought, heat, and freezing, Plates 244-248 | |
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| Water shortage, Plates 244, 245 | |
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| Heat stress, Plate 245 | |
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| Frost and freeze damage, Plates 245-248 | |
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| Predisposition to attack by opportunistic pathogens | |
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| Damage by flooding or waterlogged soil, Plate 249 | |
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| Damage by girdling roots, hail, ice glaze, and sheet ice, Plate 250 | |
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| Lightning damage, Plate 251 | |
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| Noninfectious and unexplained growth abnormalities: fasciation, chimeras, graft union abnormalities, adventitious shoots and roots, galls, burls, witches'-brooms, Plates 252, 253 | |
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| Restoration of sapwood and bark after injury or infection, Plates 254-257 | |
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| Wounds, microbial colonization, and compartmentalization, Plates 254, 255 | |
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| Frost cracks, drought cracks, and related defects, Plate 256 | |
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| Bark formation and restoration, Plate 257 | |
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| Associations of normal woody plants with other organisms, Plates 258-261 | |
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| Smooth patch, bark rot, and normal foliar shedding, Plate 258 | |
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| Symbiotic relationships of roots: mycorrhizae, nitrogen-fixing associations, Plates 259, 260 | |
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| Epiphytes, lichens, and moss, Plate 261 | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |