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| Illustrations | |
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| Editor's Note | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Relationship to "New Testament Theology" | |
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| The Structure of the Present Work | |
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| Timeline | |
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| Roots and Starting Points | |
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| Second Temple Judaism | |
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| The Aftermath of the Exile | |
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| Jewish History in Hellenistic and Roman Times | |
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| The Maccabean Uprising | |
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| Rome and Judea | |
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| Galilee | |
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| Toward Disaster | |
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| Jewish Religion | |
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| Groups | |
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| Diaspora Judaism | |
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| Jewish Writings from the Period | |
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| From Palestine | |
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| From the Diaspora | |
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| Uncertain Provenance | |
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| Rabbinic Literature | |
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| Greco-Roman Religion and Philosophy | |
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| Religion | |
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| Civic Cult and Private Worship | |
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| Mystery Cults | |
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| Other Religious Phenomena | |
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| Cult of Rulers | |
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| Philosophy | |
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| Plato and His Followers | |
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| Stoics, Cynics, Others | |
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| Was There a Gnostic Religion? | |
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| Events, Persons, Sources | |
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| Jesus: Mission, Message, Fate | |
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| The Easter Experiences | |
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| The Beginnings of the Gentile Mission | |
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| Conflicts around the Gentile Mission | |
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| Jesus Remembered | |
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| From the Jewish War to the Early Second Century | |
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| The More Liberal Wing | |
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| The More Conservative Wing | |
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| Further Developments | |
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| The Conservative Wing | |
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| "Mystical" and Platonist Strands | |
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| Radical Paulinism | |
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| Popular Strands | |
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| Prophecies and Revelations | |
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| Proto-Orthodox | |
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| Christians with Gnostic Learnings | |
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| The Marginalization of Gnostic Christians | |
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| Basic Problems and Solutions | |
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| Last Things First: God, History, and Beyond | |
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| Israelite and Jewish Hopes | |
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| The God Who Acts: From Exodus to Exile | |
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| Apocalypticism | |
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| Expectations at the Time of Jesus | |
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| Jesus and God's Kingdom | |
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| Eschatological? | |
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| On Earth or in Heaven? | |
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| Millenarian Expectation | |
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| Toward a Kingdom in Heaven | |
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| Paul | |
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| Developments after Paul | |
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| Spiritual Reinterpretations | |
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| Outcome and Impact | |
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| After Death: The Destiny of the Individual | |
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| Jewish and Greco-Roman Visions | |
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| From the World of Shadows to Different Destinies | |
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| Bodily Resurrection and Immortality of the Soul | |
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| Visions of Judgment in the Jesus Movement | |
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| Annihilation | |
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| Hell | |
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| Resurrection or Immortality? | |
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| Resurrection of the Flesh? | |
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| The Risen Jesus as a Model | |
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| Paul and the Corinthians: Spiritual Resurrection? | |
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| The Spiritual Trajectory after Paul | |
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| A Basic Tension and Its Consequences | |
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| Sold under Sin? The Human Condition | |
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| Israelite and Jewish Notions of Sin | |
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| Universal Sinfulness | |
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| The Origin of Sin | |
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| Sin as a Way of Life: "Sinners" as a Social Category | |
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| Sin and the Human Condition in the Jesus Movement | |
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| Sin as Transgression | |
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| "Sinners" as a Social Category in the Jesus Tradition | |
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| Under Cosmic Powers | |
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| Sin as Enslaving Power in Paul | |
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| Blinded by Ignorance | |
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| A Historical Epilogue | |
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| What Must I Do to Be Saved? Different Paths to Salvation | |
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| Covenantal Nomism | |
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| The Path of Repentance and Obedience | |
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| John and Jesus | |
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| Early Christianity | |
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| Salvation through Jesus | |
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| Jesus' Death as Saving Event | |
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| New Life in Union with Christ | |
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| Faith and Works: A Pauline Contrast | |
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| Predestination-or Universal Salvation? | |
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| Saving Knowledge | |
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| Salvation outside the Church? | |
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| Salvific Rites | |
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| Prospects | |
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| True Man or True God? The Mediator of Salvation | |
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| Deliverers and Mediators in Jewish Tradition | |
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| Royal Figures | |
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| Transcendent Figures | |
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| Jesus' Self-Understanding | |
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| What Difference Did Easter Make? | |
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| Jesus' Future Task | |
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| Jesus' Present Function | |
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| Jesus' Past Ministry | |
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| Death | |
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| Actions | |
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| Teaching | |
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| Jesus' Birth | |
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| Jesus' Preexistence | |
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| From Kenosis to Epiphany | |
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| "Docetic" or "Real" Incarnation? | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| The Empowering Presence: Experiences and Doctrines of the Spirit | |
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| The Divine Spirit in Jewish and Greek Tradition | |
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| The Spirit and Extraordinary Phenomena | |
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| The Spirit and Everyday Christian Life | |
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| The Spirit Guides the Church | |
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| Conflicts around the Spirit | |
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| Personifying the Spirit | |
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| True Israel? From Jewish to Christian Identity | |
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| Jewish Identity | |
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| Jesus and Jewish Identity | |
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| Preserving Jewish Identity | |
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| Crossing Boundaries, Remolding Identity | |
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| Paul's Practice | |
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| Paul's Theory | |
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| Ambiguous Continuity | |
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| Toward Non-Jewish Identity | |
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| Jewish Identity Denied | |
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| A Short Epilogue | |
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| Strangers in a Transitory World: Christians and Pagans | |
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| Idolatry | |
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| Worshiping Idols | |
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| Idol Meat | |
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| Conflict and Apology | |
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| Harassment and Persecution | |
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| Political Apology | |
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| Pagan Philosophy and Culture | |
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| Some Effects | |
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| Toward Christian Orthodoxy | |
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| Authoritative Scripture | |
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| Authoritative Tradition | |
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| Authoritative Persons | |
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| Women as Leaders | |
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| Inner-Christian (In)tolerance | |
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| Conclusion Common Ground and Diversity in Early Christian Through | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index of Subjects | |
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| Index of Ancient Sources | |
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| Index of Modern Authors | |