| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| Foreword | |
| |
| |
| About the Authors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Application of Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Industry Views on Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| The History of Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Principles and Practices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Concept Realization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Knowledge Base | |
| |
| |
| |
| The System Approach to Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definition of a System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Life Cycle Approach to Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methodology and Process Application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hardware Aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Management from a Business Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Business Life Cycle and Market Relevance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Management Goals and Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Changing Market Needs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Standardization for Evolving Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental Sustainability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability and Asset Management | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Life Cycle Approach for Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to the Life Cycle Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why a Life Cycle Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Life Cycle Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Application in a Business Environment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Influences on a Business Environment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Focus on Management Support | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Application Focus on Technological Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Life Cycle Approach to Project Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Framework for Managing Dependability Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing Dependability Project Objectives and Task Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tailoring Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tailoring of Dependability Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tailoring for Project-Specific Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Project Risk Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Risk Management for Dependability Application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Risk Management Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scope of Dependability Risk Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Risk Problem and Resolution - An Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| Review Process | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specification of Dependability Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Starting a Dependability Project | |
| |
| |
| |
| Where to Begin with Technological Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding the System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining System Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identifying System Performance Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Incorporation of Dependability into Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Requirements Definition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Requirements Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing the Operational Scenario | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determining Dependability Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Framework for Development of Dependability Specifications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rationale for Dependability Specifications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Dependability Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Procedures for Specifying System Dependability | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Engineering in System Design and Realization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Engineering in System Design and Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Architectural Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Design and Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing Functional Design Criteria | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Design Approaches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Design Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Designing for System Application Environments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Designing for Human Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Design Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assessment Value and Implications | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Design Documentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Design and Sub-system Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Engineering Design Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability-Centered Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structural Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Life Cycle Cost | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Engineering in System Realization and Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Realization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Product Verification | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Integration | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Installation/Transition | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Validation/Acceptance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Engineering Checklists | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Software Dependability Challenge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Implications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding Software and Software Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Life Cycle Framework | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Project Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Life Cycle Activities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Design Environment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Requirements and Influencing Factors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Software Faults | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Strategy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Fault Avoidance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Fault Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Development Practices for Dependability Achievement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Metrics and Data Collection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Assessment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Testing and Measurement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Improvement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Dependability Improvement Methodology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Complexity Simplification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Fault Tolerance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Interoperability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Reuse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Reliability Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Maintenance and Enhancement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technical Support and User Training | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Information Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding Dependability Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| Framework for Dependability Information Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing a Dependability Information System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Information System Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| FRACAS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance and Logistic Support System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fault Management System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Assessment Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| Information Retention, Retrieval and Dissemination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Knowledge Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lessons Learned | |
| |
| |
| |
| Learning from Experience | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case Study on Network Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Looking Beyond the Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adapting to Change and Changing Environments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploiting Green Technology | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sustaining Dependability Performance during Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operational Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operation Framework | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operational Objectives for Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of System Operation Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operation Process Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process Approach to Sustain Dependability Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Measures during Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Dependability Measures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizational or End-user Measures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Average Failure Rate Measures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical Failure Rate Measures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Availability and Reliability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reliability Analysis Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Data Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Acquisition | |
| |
| |
| |
| International Standards Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| OREDA - Offshore REliability DAta | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas Turbines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metrics | |
| |
| |
| |
| NERC GADS Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| ORAP - Operational Reliability Analysis Program | |
| |
| |
| |
| Infrastructure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Telecommunications and the Internet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of Analyzing Dependability during Operation | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintainability, Supportability and Maintenance Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintainability | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is Maintainability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintainability during Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| How to Measure Maintainability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Supportability | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is Supportability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Supportability During Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance Support During Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reliability Centered Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Facility and Equipment Enhancement and Renewal | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spare Parts Provisioning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Condition-Based Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Risk Assessment for Pipelines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintainability Integrated with Reliability and Availability | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Assurance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing Dependability Assurance Framework | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding Assurance in Business and Technical Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Assurance Framework in System Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collaboration of Assurance in System Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolution of Assurance Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Learning from Past Experience | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Assurance Initiatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Life Cycle Approach to Dependability Assurance in System Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Assurance from a Business Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assurance to Ascertain System Dependability Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assurance to Sustain System Dependability Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assurance Case | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is an Assurance Case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assurance Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Assurance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Assurance Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technology Influence on Software Assurance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Assurance Challenges | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Security Implications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Assurance Best Practices | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Value | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Value of Dependability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concept of Value Creation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Value Chain Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Value Framework | |
| |
| |
| |
| Framework Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Value Scenario | |
| |
| |
| |
| Value Creation Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Value Realization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assurance in Value Achievement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Value Infrastructures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Value Expressions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Common Value Infrastructures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asset Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Pipeline Example | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glossary of Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terms and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concept Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concept Diagram for System and Dependability-Related Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concept Diagram for Reliability-Related Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concept Diagram for Maintenance-Related Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terms and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Life Cycle Process for Dependability Application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process for the System Concept/Definition Stage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Requirements for Concept/Definition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Description of Key Process Activities for Concept/Definition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process for the System Design/Development Stage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Requirements for Design/Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Description of Key Process Activities for Design/Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process for the System Realization/Implementation Stage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Requirements for Realization/Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Description of Key Process Activities for Realization/Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process for the System Operation/Maintenance Stage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Requirements for Operation/Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Description of Key Process Activities for Operation/Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process for the System Enhancement Stage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Requirements for Enhancement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Description of Key Process Activities for Enhancement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process for the System Retirements Stage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Requriements for Retirement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Description of Key Process Activities for Retirement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of a System Dependability Specification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identify the System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Describe the System Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identify the Functions to Meet the System Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Describe the Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identify the Influencing Conditions Affecting the Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluate the Technical Approach to Achieve the Needed Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Describe the Hardware, Software Elements and Human Interactions Involved in System Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determine the Operational Scenario | |
| |
| |
| |
| Describe the System Configurations to Meet System Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determine the Dependability Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Documentation of System Dependability Specification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependability Engineering Checklists | |
| |
| |
| |
| Checklists for System Life Cycle Project Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Checklists for Technology Design Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Checklists for Outsourced Products Used in System Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reliability Improvement of Reliquefaction System for LNG Carriers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives of the Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Description | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reliability and Availability Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reliability and Maintenance Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis Using Reliability Block Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Results Without Redundancy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Results With Redundancy | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compressor Station Availability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Binomial Distribution Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Monte Carlo Simulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scheduled Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Economic Analysis | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintainability of a Gas Turbine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design for Maintainability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Serviceability and Accessibility | |
| |
| |
| |
| Monitoring | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of a Steam Turbine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pareto Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weibull Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spare Parts Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintainability, Reliability and Availability | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |