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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Concepts of Traumatization: The Role of Boundaries | |
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| The Concept of Boundaries | |
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| The Role of Boundaries in Trauma | |
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| Boundaries and Childhood | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Trauma, Instinct, and the Brain: The Fight/Flight/Freeze Response | |
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| Brain Responses to Stress | |
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| Fighting, Fleeing, or Freezing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Whiplash Syndrome I: Symptoms in Search of a Meaning | |
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| The History of Whiplash | |
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| The Clinical Syndrome | |
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| Physical Forces and Structural Injury | |
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| The Pathophysiology of Whiplash | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Whiplash Syndrome II: A Model for Traumatization | |
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| Memory Mechanisms in Trauma | |
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| Somatic Responses to Stress | |
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| The Meaning of Speed | |
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| The Physiology of Traumatization | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Trauma and Brain Plasticity | |
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| The History of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Psychiatry | |
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| The Developing Brain | |
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| The Development of Character | |
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| Brain Plasticity in Trauma | |
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| Objective Measures of Brain Change in Trauma | |
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| The Permanence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Diseases of Traumatic Stress | |
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| The Pathophysiology of Stress | |
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| Stress versus Trauma | |
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| The Hypothalamic/Pituitary/Adrenal Axis | |
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| Stress, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Immune Function | |
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| The Diseases of Trauma | |
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| Morbidity and Mortality | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Trauma Reenactment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Roots of Reenactment | |
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| Clinical Features | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| The Anniversary Syndrome | |
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| Reenactment Through Risk Taking | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Somatic Dissociation | |
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| Examples of Dissociation | |
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| Memory in Dissociation | |
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| Cognitive and Emotional Features | |
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| Dissociative Physical Symptoms | |
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| Conversion and Dissociation | |
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| The Autonomic Nervous System in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| The Concept of Boundaries | |
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| Somatic Dissociation and Disease | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Sources of Trauma | |
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| The Definition of Traumatic Stress | |
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| Exposure to Combat | |
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| Child Abuse | |
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| Societal Trauma | |
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| Medical Trauma | |
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| The Role of Past Trauma | |
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| Awareness During Anesthesia | |
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| Pediatric Medical Trauma | |
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| Childhood Medical Trauma | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Trauma Therapy: Future Directions | |
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| Counseling and Verbal/Cognitive Therapy | |
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| Exposure and Desensitization Techniques | |
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| Somatically Based Therapies | |
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| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing | |
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| Somatic Experiencing | |
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| The "Power Therapies" | |
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| Pharmacotherapy of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Case Histories: The Somatic Spectrum of Trauma | |
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| A State of Vulnerability | |
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| Somatic Representations of Prior Trauma | |
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| Medical and Forensic Retraumatization | |
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| Multiple Chemical Sensitivities | |
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| The Mysterious Piriformis | |
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| Disorders of Speech in Trauma | |
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| Spasmodic Torticollis: An Aberration of the Orienting Reflex | |
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| Dissociation and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy | |
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| Comments | |
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| Postscript | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |