| |
| |
| |
General Embryology | |
| |
| |
| |
Embryology: Old and New Frontiers and an Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling | |
| |
| |
Clinical Relevance | |
| |
| |
A Brief History of Embryology | |
| |
| |
Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
Gametogenesis: Conversion of Germ Cells Into Male and Female Gametes | |
| |
| |
Primordial Germ Cells | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Morphological Changes During Maturation of the Gametes | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
First Week of Development: Ovulation to Implantation | |
| |
| |
Ovarian Cycle | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Fertilization | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Cleavage | |
| |
| |
Blastocyst Formation | |
| |
| |
Uterus at Time of Implantation | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Second Week of Development: Bilaminar Germ Disc | |
| |
| |
Day 8 | |
| |
| |
Day 9 | |
| |
| |
Days 11 and 12 | |
| |
| |
Day 13 | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Third Week of Development: Trilaminar Germ Disc | |
| |
| |
Gastrulation: Formation of Embryonic Mesoderm and Endoderm | |
| |
| |
Formation of the Notochord | |
| |
| |
Establishment of the Body Axes | |
| |
| |
Fate Map Established During Gastrulation | |
| |
| |
Growth of the Embryonic Disc | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Further Development of the Trophoblast | |
| |
| |
| |
Third to Eighth Weeks: The Embryonic Period | |
| |
| |
Derivatives of the Ectodermal Germ Layer | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Derivatives of the Mesodermal Germ Layer | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Derivatives of the Endodermal Germ Layer | |
| |
| |
Patterning of the Anteroposterior Axis: Regulation by Homeobox Genes | |
| |
| |
External Appearance During the Second Month | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Third Month to Birth: The Fetus and Placenta | |
| |
| |
Development of the Fetus | |
| |
| |
Fetal Membranes and Placenta | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Structure of the Placenta | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Amnion and Umbilical Cord | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Placental Changes at the End of Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Amniotic Fluid | |
| |
| |
Fetal Membranes in Twins | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Parturition (Birth) | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Birth Defects | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Prenatal Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Fetal Therapy | |
| |
| |
| |
Systems-Based Embryology | |
| |
| |
| |
Skeletal System | |
| |
| |
Skull | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Limbs | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Vertebrae and the Vertebral Column | |
| |
| |
Ribs and Sternum | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Muscular System | |
| |
| |
Striated Skeletal Musculature | |
| |
| |
Innervation of Axial Skeletal Muscle | |
| |
| |
Molecular Regulation of Muscle Development | |
| |
| |
Patterning of Muscles | |
| |
| |
Head Musculature | |
| |
| |
Limb Musculature | |
| |
| |
Cardiac Muscle | |
| |
| |
Smooth Muscle | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Body Cavities | |
| |
| |
Formation of the Intraembryonic Cavity | |
| |
| |
Serous Membranes | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Diaphragm and Thoracic Cavity | |
| |
| |
Formation of the Diaphragm | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Cardiovascular System | |
| |
| |
Establishment of the Cardiogenic Field | |
| |
| |
Formation and Position of the Heart Tube | |
| |
| |
Formation of the Cardiac Loop | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Molecular Regulation of Cardiac Development | |
| |
| |
Development of the Sinus Venosus | |
| |
| |
Formation of the Cardiac Septa | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Formation of the Conducting System of the Heart | |
| |
| |
Vascular Development | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Circulation Before and After Birth | |
| |
| |
| |
Respiratory System | |
| |
| |
Formation of the Lung Buds | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Larynx | |
| |
| |
Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs | |
| |
| |
Maturation of the Lungs | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Digestive System | |
| |
| |
Divisions of the Gut Tube | |
| |
| |
Molecular Regulation of Gut Tube Development | |
| |
| |
Mesenteries | |
| |
| |
Foregut | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Molecular Regulation of Liver Induction | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Pancreas | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Midgut | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Hindgut | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Urogenital System | |
| |
| |
Urinary System | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Genital System | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Head and Neck | |
| |
| |
Pharyngeal Arches | |
| |
| |
Pharyngeal Pouches | |
| |
| |
Pharyngeal Clefts | |
| |
| |
Molecular Regulation of Facial Development | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Tongue | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Thyroid Gland | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Face | |
| |
| |
Intermaxillary Segment | |
| |
| |
Secondary Palate | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Nasal Cavities | |
| |
| |
Teeth | |
| |
| |
Molecular Regulation of Tooth Development | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Central Nervous System | |
| |
| |
Spinal Cord | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Brain | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Molecular Regulation of Brain Development | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Cranial Nerves | |
| |
| |
Autonomic Nervous System | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Ear | |
| |
| |
Internal Ear | |
| |
| |
Middle Ear | |
| |
| |
External Ear | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Eye | |
| |
| |
Optic Cup and Lens Vesicle | |
| |
| |
Retina, Iris, and Ciliary Body | |
| |
| |
Lens | |
| |
| |
Choroid, Sclera, and Cornea | |
| |
| |
Vitreous Body | |
| |
| |
Optic Nerve | |
| |
| |
Molecular Regulation of Eye Development | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Integumentary System | |
| |
| |
Skin | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Hair | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
Sweat Glands | |
| |
| |
Mammary Glands | |
| |
| |
Clinical Correlates | |
| |
| |
| |
Appendix | |
| |
| |
Answers to Problems | |
| |
| |
Glossary of Key Terms | |
| |
| |
Figure Credits | |
| |
| |
Index | |