| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preliminary Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems Analysis: Fundamental Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physiological Control Systems Analysis: A Simple Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| Differences between Engineering and Physiological Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Science (and Art) of Modeling | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized System Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models with Combinations of System Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Models of Physiological Systems: Two Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distributed-Parameter versus Lumped-Parameter Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Systems and the Superposition Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laplace Transforms and Transfer Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Impulse Response and Linear Convolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| State-Space Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computer Analysis and Simulation--MATLAB and SIMULINK | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Static Analysis of Physiological Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determination of the Steady-State Operating Point | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steady-State Analysis Using SIMULINK | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulation of Cardiac Output | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Cardiac Output Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Venous Return Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Closed-Loop Analysis: Heart and Systemic Circulation Combined | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulation of Glucose | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Regulation of Ventilation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Gas Exchanger | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Respiratory Controller | |
| |
| |
| |
| Closed-Loop Analysis: Lungs and Controller Combined | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time-Domain Analysis of Linear Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linearized Respiratory Mechanics: Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Transient Responses: First-Order Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impulse Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Step Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop Transient Responses: Second-Order Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impulse Responses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Step Responses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Descriptors of Impulse and Step Responses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized Second-Order Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transient Response Descriptors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop Dynamics: Other Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reduction of the Effects of External Disturbances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reduction of the Effects of Parameter Variations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integral Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivative Feedback | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transient Response Analysis Using MATLAB | |
| |
| |
| |
| SIMULINK Application: Dynamics of Neuromuscular Reflex Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Model of Neuromuscular Reflex Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| SIMULINK Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Domain Analysis of Linear Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steady-State Responses to Sinusoidal Inputs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop Frequency Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Closed-Loop Frequency Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationship between Transient and Frequency Responses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Graphical Representations of Frequency Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bode Plot Representation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nichols Charts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nyquist Plots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Domain Analysis Using MATLAB and SIMULINK | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using MATLAB | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using SIMULINK | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Response of a Model of Circulatory Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simulations with the Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Response of the Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Response of Glucose-Insulin Regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simulations with the Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Responses of the Model | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability Analysis: Linear Approaches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability and Transient Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Root Locus Plots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Routh-Hurwitz Stability Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nyquist Criterion for Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relative Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability Analysis of the Pupillary Light Reflex | |
| |
| |
| |
| Routh-Hurwitz Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nyquist Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Model of Cheyne-Stokes Breathing | |
| |
| |
| |
| CO[subscript 2] Exchange in the Lungs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transport Delays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controller Responses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Loop Transfer Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nyquist Stability Analysis Using MATLAB | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identification of Physiological Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Problems in Physiological System Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonparametric and Parametric Identification Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Deconvolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Least Squares Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimation Using Correlation Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimation in the Frequency Domain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimization Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problems in Parameter Estimation: Identifiability and Input Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structural Identifiability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Input Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identification of Closed-Loop Systems: "Opening the Loop" | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Starling Heart-Lung Preparation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kao's Cross-Circulation Experiments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Artificial Brain Perfusion for Partitioning Central and Peripheral Chemoreflexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Voltage Clamp | |
| |
| |
| |
| Opening the Pupillary Reflex Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Read Rebreathing Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identification Under Closed-Loop Conditions: Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minimal Model of Blood Glucose Regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Closed-Loop Identification of the Respiratory Control System | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimization in Physiological Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimization in Systems with Negative Feedback | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single-Parameter Optimization: Control of Respiratory Frequency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constrained Optimization: Airflow Pattern Regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lagrange Multiplier Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimal Control of Airflow Pattern | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constrained Optimization: Control of Aortic Flow Pulse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculus of Variations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimal Left Ventricular Ejection Pattern | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Control of Physiological Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Buffering of Fluctuations in Arterial P[characters not reproducible] | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Analysis of Physiological Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear versus Linear Closed-Loop Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase-Plane Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Local Stability: Singular Points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Method of Isoclines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Oscillators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limit Cycles | |
| |
| |
| |
| The van der Pol Oscillator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modeling Cardiac Dysrhythmias | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Describing Function Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methodology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application: Periodic Breathing with Apnea | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models of Neuronal Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Hodgkin-Huxley Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bonhoeffer-van der Pol Model | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Dynamics in Physiological Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spontaneous Variability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Control Systems with Delayed Feedback | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Logistic Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulation of Neutrophil Density | |
| |
| |
| |
| Model of Cardiovascular Variability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coupled Nonlinear Oscillators: Model of Circadian Rhythms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time-Varying Physiological Closed-Loop Systems: Sleep Apnea Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propagation of System Noise in Feedback Loops | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commonly Used Laplace Transform Pairs | |
| |
| |
| |
| List of MATLAB and SIMULINK Programs/Functions | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| About the Author | |