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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Personal Mobility in Crisis | |
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| Population Growth and Expanding Industrialization | |
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| An Expanding World with Diminishing Petroleum Resources | |
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| Impact of Transportation Energy Use | |
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| Energy Demand in Developed Countries | |
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| Blight of Urban Traffic | |
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| Conventional Ideas for Taming the Automobile | |
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| Controlling the Automobile with Higher Fuel Costs | |
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| Overloading the Environment with Waste Products | |
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| Global Warming and Climatic Change | |
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| A New Paradigm for Personal Mobility | |
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| Personal Mobility Vehicles for the 21st Century | |
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| A New Perspective on Personal Mobility Solutions | |
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| Reducing the Hardware Overhead of Personal Mobility | |
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| Impact of Vehicle Size on Traffic Congestion | |
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| Impact of Vehicle Mass on Emissions | |
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| Ultra-Low-Mass Personal Mobility Products | |
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| Ultra-Low-Mass Multipurpose Passenger Car | |
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| Commuter Car | |
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| Narrow-Lane Vehicle | |
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| Urban Car | |
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| Sub-Car | |
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| New Personal Mobility Products and the Marketplace | |
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| Vehicle Theme | |
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| Occupant Zone | |
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| Seating Layout | |
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| Ingress and Egress | |
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| Modular Design | |
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| Flexible/Plastic Body Panels | |
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| Electronic Automobile | |
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| Three-Wheel Platform as a Marketing Tool | |
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| Potential Market for Alternative Cars | |
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| Vehicle Ownership and Use Trends | |
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| ULM Vehicle and Multivehicle Households | |
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| Effect of Reduced Seating Capacity | |
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| Market Impact of Battery-Electric Power | |
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| Subliminal Messages and New Consumer Values | |
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| A New Paradigm for Personal Transportation | |
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| Cars as a Subsystem of the Total Transportation System | |
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| Large-Scale Personal Mobility as an Outmoded Concept | |
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| The Technology of Fuel Economy | |
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| Ingredients of Fuel Economy | |
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| Urban Driving Cycle Patterns' Effect on Fuel Economy | |
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| Accessory Loads | |
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| Road Load | |
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| Developing a Road Load Graph | |
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| Rolling Resistance | |
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| Tires: Balance Between Ride, Handling, and Drag | |
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| Other Components of Rolling Resistance | |
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| Automobile Aerodynamics | |
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| Working with the Relative Wind | |
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| Streamlining and Aerodynamic Drag | |
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| Profile Drag | |
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| Induced Drag | |
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| Parasitic Drag | |
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| Skin Friction | |
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| Internal Flow | |
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| Frontal Area | |
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| Fuel-Efficient Powertrain | |
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| Prime Mover | |
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| Losses of Converting Fuel to Mechanical Power | |
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| Power and Fuel Efficiency Characteristics of the Reciprocating IC Engine | |
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| Challenge and Opportunity of Part-Load Fuel Consumption | |
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| Rotary Valves | |
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| Variable Compression Ratio | |
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| Variable Valve Actuation | |
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| Diesel Engine | |
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| Supercharging | |
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| Low-Heat-Rejection Engines | |
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| Two-Stroke Cycle Engine | |
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| Active Thermo-Atmosphere Combustion | |
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| Transmission as a Tool for Reducing Fuel Consumption | |
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| Continuously Variable Transmissions | |
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| New Technology and Alternative Cars | |
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| Alternative Fuels | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Fuels | |
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| Alcohol Fuels | |
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| Ethanol (C[subscript 2]H[subscript 5]OH) | |
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| Methanol (CH[subscript 3]OH) | |
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| Source and Abundance | |
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| Environmental and Safety Factors | |
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| Compatibility with Current IC Engine Design | |
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| Cold-Starting | |
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| Lubricant Contamination | |
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| Increased Engine Wear | |
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| Materials Compatibility | |
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| Use in Fuel Cells | |
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| Liquefied Petroleum Gases | |
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| Source, Composition, and Properties | |
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| Vehicle Emissions | |
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| Vehicle Fuel System | |
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| Compatibility with IC Engines | |
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| Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel | |
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| Source and Supply | |
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| Environmental and Safety Factors | |
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| Compatibility with Current Motor Vehicle Design | |
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| Fuel Metering | |
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| Onboard Storage of Natural Gas | |
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| Compressed Natural Gas | |
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| Liquefied Natural Gas | |
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| Adsorbent Storage | |
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| Difficulties and Costs | |
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| Enhanced Capability ANG Storage | |
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| Creative Tank Designs for ANG Systems | |
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| Home Refueling with Natural Gas | |
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| Hydrogen/Methane Blends | |
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| Hydrogen as a Fuel | |
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| Source and Abundance | |
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| Supply Infrastructure and Cost | |
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| Storage Technologies | |
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| Compatibility with IC Engine | |
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| Fuel Cell | |
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| Electric Power | |
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| Alternative Fuels in the 21st Century | |
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| Electric and Hybrid Vehicles | |
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| Battery-Electric Vehicles | |
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| Battery-Electric Cars: Their Energy Source and Emissions | |
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| Electric Vehicle Onboard Energy Flow | |
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| Regenerative Braking | |
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| Mechanical Overview | |
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| Electric Motor | |
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| Alternating Current for Electric Cars | |
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| Controller | |
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| Pulse-Width Modulator | |
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| Controllers for Alternating Current | |
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| Motor as a Subsystem of the Transmission | |
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| Integrated Electronic Controls | |
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| Onboard Energy Storage | |
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| Lead-Acid Battery (Pb/Acid) | |
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| Aluminum-Air (Al/Air) | |
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| Lithium-Iron Sulfide (Li/FeS) | |
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| Lithium-Ion (Li/Ion) | |
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| Lithium Polymer Battery (LPB) | |
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| Nickel-Cadmium (Ni/Cd) | |
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| Nickel-Iron Battery (Ni/Fe) | |
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| Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) | |
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| Nickel-Zinc (Ni/Zn) | |
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| Sodium-Sulfur (Na/S) | |
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| Vanadium Redox Flow Battery | |
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| Zinc-Air Battery (Zn/Air) | |
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| Zinc-Bromine (Zn/Br) | |
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| Kinetic Energy Storage | |
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| Battery-Electric Vehicles and Vehicle Downsizing | |
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| Purpose-Built Battery-Electric Cars | |
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| General Motors EV-1 | |
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| Ford TH!NK City | |
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| Nissan Hypermini | |
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| Hybrid-Electric Vehicles | |
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| Hybrid Configurations | |
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| Series Hybrid | |
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| Parallel Hybrid | |
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| Energy Storage Systems for HEVs | |
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| Prime Movers for HEVs | |
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| Fuel Cells | |
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| Production and Prototype Hybrids | |
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| Honda Insight | |
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| Toyota Prius | |
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| Ford Prodigy | |
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| General Motors Precept | |
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| DaimlerChrysler Dodge ESX3 | |
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| DaimlerChrysler NECAR 5 Fuel-Cell Vehicle | |
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| Three-Wheel Cars with Tilting Three-Wheel Vehicle Information by Tony Foale | |
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| Mechanically Simple Design | |
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| Sports Car Handling | |
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| Rollover Threshold | |
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| Single Front or Single Rear Wheel | |
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| Single Front Wheel (1F2R) | |
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| Single Rear Wheel (2F1R) | |
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| Tandem or Side-by-Side Seating | |
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| Examples of Nontilting Three-Wheel Vehicles | |
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| TurboPhantom | |
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| VW Scooter | |
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| Trihawk | |
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| Tri-Magnum | |
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| Sparrow | |
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| Gizmo | |
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| Tilting Three-Wheelers | |
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| TTW Classification | |
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| Wheel Layout | |
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| Lean Control | |
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| Lean Limit | |
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| Number of Tilting Wheels | |
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| Dynamic Behavior of Tilting Three-Wheelers | |
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| Active Lean Control | |
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| Control System Strategies | |
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| Tires | |
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| Suspension Loading | |
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| General Characteristics | |
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| 1F2R with Nonleaning Rear Wheels | |
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| Rollover Threshold | |
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| Roll/Yaw Coupling | |
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| Pitch/Lean Coupling | |
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| TTWs with All Leaning Wheels | |
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| TTWs with No Leaning Wheels | |
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| Examples of Tilting Three-Wheelers | |
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| Transit Innovations Project 32 Slalom (U.S. Patents Pending, 1997-2001) | |
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| Mercedes F300 Life Jet (1997-unknown) | |
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| Millennium Tracer (1996-ongoing) | |
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| Calleja (U.S. Patent No. 5,611,555: 1997-ongoing) | |
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| General Motors' Lean Machine (late 1970s-early 1980s) | |
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| Jephcott's Micro (U.S. patents allowed to lapse, early 1980s) | |
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| Vandenbrink Carver | |
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| Limitations of the Three-Wheel Configuration | |
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| Special Acknowledgment | |
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| Safety and Low-Mass Vehicles | |
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| Vehicle Safety in Perspective | |
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| Accident Statistics and Automobile Size | |
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| Accident Statistics and Other Variables | |
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| Japanese Experience | |
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| Smaller Cars Require Better Safety Engineering | |
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| Automobile Crash Dynamics | |
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| Occupant Crash Protection | |
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| Restraint Systems | |
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| Seat Belts | |
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| Air Bags | |
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| Intelligent Safety Systems | |
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| Crash Management Strategy for Low-Mass Vehicles | |
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| Advanced Systems for Improving Automobile Safety | |
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| New Standards for New Vehicle Types | |
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| Three-Wheel Cars | |
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| Intelligent Transportation Systems | |
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| What Is ITS? | |
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| What Is AVCS? | |
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| Longitudinal Maneuvers | |
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| Lateral Maneuvers | |
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| Future of ITS | |
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| Special Acknowledgment | |
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| Alternative Cars in Europe | |
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| Early European Microcars as a Metaphor of Their Environment | |
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| Isetta and Heinkel | |
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| Messerschmitt | |
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| Market Was Headed in the Opposite Direction | |
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| Transportation in a Revitalized Europe | |
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| European Transit Systems | |
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| Future of Microcars in Europe | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Author | |