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| Diversity and Ethics | |
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| The Case for Cultural Diversity | |
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| Female Genital 'Excision' or 'Mutilation'? | |
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| Does the Fact of Diversity Lead to Ethical Relativism? | |
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| Cross-Cultural Discourse | |
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| Do Cultures Really Disagree with Each Other Morally? | |
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| Weaknesses in Ethical Relativism | |
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| Are All Cultures that Different? | |
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| Why Conclude That There Are No Objective Standards? | |
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| What Would Be the Consequences? | |
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| Strengths in Ethical Relativism | |
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| Evidence | |
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| Corrective | |
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| Tolerance | |
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| Are There Better Options? | |
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| Critical Thinking and Moral Reasoning | |
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| Bifurcating the War in Iraq | |
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| What is Critical Thinking? | |
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| What Should We Avoid?: Fallacies | |
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| Ad Hominem | |
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| Appeal to Ignorance | |
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| Appeal to the Majority | |
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| Appeal to Tradition | |
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| Appeal to Feelings | |
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| Absolutizing Rules | |
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| Double Standards | |
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| Bifurcation | |
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| Hasty Judgment | |
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| Steps to Moral Reasoning | |
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| Step One: Know the Facts | |
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| Step Two: View These Facts from Various Perspectives | |
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| Step Three: Identify the Moral Issues | |
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| Step Four: Identify Factors That are Morally Relevant | |
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| Step Five: Clarify the Various Ways the Issue Can Be Hopefully Resolved | |
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| Step Six: Choose the Best Moral Option | |
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| Readings | |
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| "Moral Reasoning," from Brooke Noel Moore and Richard Parker's Critical Thinking | |
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| "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" | |
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| The Quest for Universal Moral Standards in the West | |
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| Aristotle and Aquinas: Teleology, Virtue, and Natural Law | |
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| Having a Child Via Cloning | |
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| Aristotle, Teleology and Virtue | |
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| Teleology and Happiness | |
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| Virtue and the Golden Mean | |
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| Example: The Virtue of Courage | |
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| Weaknesses in Virtue Ethics | |
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| Strengths in Virtue Ethics | |
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| Aquinas and Nature Law | |
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| Natural Law and Natural Inclinations | |
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| Natural Law and Gestation | |
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| Natural Law and Same-sex Marriages | |
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| Weaknesses in Natural Law | |
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| Strengths in Natural Law | |
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| Readings | |
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| Aristotle, from Nicomachean Ethics, Books I and II | |
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| Human Ends and Human Actions: An Exploration in St. Thomas's Treatment | |
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| Kant's Deontology | |
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| Billy Budd | |
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| Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Order and Reason | |
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| The Driving Force of Duty | |
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| Duty vs. Desire | |
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| The Categorical Imperative | |
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| First Formulation: Universalizability | |
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| Second Formulation: Persons as Ends | |
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| Weaknesses in Deontology | |
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| Strengths in Deontology | |
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| Readings | |
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| Groundwork of a Metaphysics of Morals | |
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| Billy Budd: Sailor | |
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| Mill and Utilitarian Ethics | |
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| A 'Good' Terrorist? | |
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| John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) | |
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| What is Utilitarianism? | |
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| Jeremy Bentham's "Principle of Utility" | |
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| Mill's Revision of Bentham | |
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| Act and Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Weaknesses in Utilitarianism | |
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| Time | |
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| Predictability | |
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| Whose Good? | |
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| Tyranny of the Majority | |
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| Does the End Justify the Means? | |
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| Is Utilitarianism a Justifiable Theory? | |
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| Strengths in Utilitarianism | |
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| Beyond the "I" | |
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| Common Sense | |
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| Economy | |
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| Situational | |
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| Readings | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| "Mr. Truman's Degree" | |
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| Feminist Ethics | |
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| The Handmaid's Duty | |
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| The Spirit of Feminism and Its Landmarks | |
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| Women's Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment | |
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| Feminisms | |
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| Classical Feminism | |
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| Difference Feminism | |
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| Equity Feminism | |
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| Radical Feminism | |
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| Weaknesses in Feminist Ethics | |
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| Strengths in Feminist Ethics | |
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| Readings | |
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| "Myth and Reality," from The Second Sex | |
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| "Who Stole Feminism?" | |
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| "The Politics of Intelligence," from Right-Wing Women | |
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| The Quest for Universal Moral Standards in Non-Western Traditions | |
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| Hindu Dharma | |
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| Roop Kanwar's Sati | |
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| What Is Dharma? | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| Dharma as Ritual Duty | |
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| Dharma as Class Duties – Varnasrama Dharma | |
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| Seeing the One Self in the Other | |
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| Dharma as Universal Duties – Sadharana Dharma | |
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| Dharma and Life's Goals | |
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| Artha – Prosperity | |
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| Kama – Pleasure | |
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| Moksha – Self-Realization | |
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| Dharma in the Ramayana | |
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| Dharma, Duty, and Caste | |
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| What Is Karma? | |
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| Dharma's Weaknesses | |
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| Is Hindu Ethics Relativist? | |
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| What About Conscience? | |
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| What About Emotions? | |
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| Dharma's Strengths | |
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| Integrative Quality | |
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| Nondogmatic | |
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| Can Dharma Be a Universal Standard? | |
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| Readings | |
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| From the Bhagavad Gita | |
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| From the Ramayana | |
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| Buddhist Ethics | |
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| Terror in Tokyo's Subway | |
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| The Three Signs of Existence | |
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| First Sign: Dukkha | |
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| Second Sign: Anicca | |
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| Third Sign: Anatman | |
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| Making More Sense of No-Self | |
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| The Four Noble Truths | |
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| The First Truth: Suffering Is Universal | |
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| The Second Truth: The Source of Suffering Lies in Craving | |
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| The Third Truth: We Can Free Ourselves from Suffering | |
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| The Fourth Truth: The Eightfold Path | |
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| The Middle Way | |
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| The Supreme Virtues and Middle Way | |
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| Weaknesses in Buddhist Ethics | |
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| Strengths in Buddhist Ethics | |
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| Readings | |
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| Shantideva's Compendium of Doctrine | |
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| "In Quest of Democracy," in Freedom from Fear | |
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| Confucian Harmony | |
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| The Feetbinding of Elder Sister | |
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| The Confucian Legacy | |
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| Confucius | |
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| Mencius | |
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| Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi | |
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| Confucian Virtues | |
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| Jen – Humaneness | |
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| Li – Propriety | |
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| Filial Piety and Family | |
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| Weaknesses in Confucian Ethics | |
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| Strengths in Confucians Ethics | |
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| Readings | |
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| Mencius, "Niu Mountain," from The Book of Mencius, Book VI, Part 1 | |
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| "Moral Cultivation" | |
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| Ethics in Africa: To Be Is to Belong | |
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| Anna - and Lucien's Other Wives | |
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| Shattering the Stereotypes | |
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| What Is the Basis for Morality? | |
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| Religion Is the Source | |
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| Religion Is Not the Source | |
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| Identity and Ethics | |
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| Vital Force | |
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| Iwa | |
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| To Be Is to Belong | |
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| The Moral Authority of the Community | |
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| The Moral Authority of Elders | |
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| Weaknesses in African Ethics | |
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| Strengths in African Ethics | |
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| Readings | |
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| "The Concepts of Evil, Ethics and Justice" | |
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| "The Moral Foundations of an African Culture" | |
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| Islamic Ethics | |
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| The Assassination of Anwar Sadat | |
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| Islam’s Image Problem | |
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| A Journey Through Islam | |
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| Muhammad’s Message of Submission | |
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| Rifts Over the Message – Sunnis, Shiites, and Sufis | |
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| Islamic Law | |
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| Setback and Renewal | |
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| The Five Pillars of Islam | |
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| The First Pillar – Tawhid | |
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| The Second Pillar – Salat | |
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| The Third Pillar – Saum | |
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| The Fourth Pillar – Zakat | |
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| The Fifth Pillar – Hajj | |
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| Does Islam Promote Violence? | |
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| Afghanistan, the Taliban, and Osama Bin Laden | |
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| Revisioning Islam | |
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| Weaknesses in Islamic Ethics | |
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| Strengths in Islamic Ethics | |
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| Readings | |
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| The Book of Healing | |
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| "The Neglected Duty" (Al-Farida al-Gha'ibah) | |
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| Can Ethics Save the World? | |
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| Ethics and the Environment | |
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| Golfing with Silverspot Butterflies | |
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| Ecology, Biodiversity, and Human Lifestyles | |
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| Who/What Belongs to the Moral Community? | |
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| Who/What Pose the Major Threats? | |
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| Habitat Ruin | |
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| Alien Species | |
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| Population, Development, Extinction | |
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| Pollution | |
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| Global Warning | |
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| Sustainability | |
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| Energy Alternatives | |
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| Why Save Species? | |
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| Costs and Priorities | |
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| Weaknesses in Environmental Ethics | |
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| Strengths in Environmental Ethics | |
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| Readings | |
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| "Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce" | |
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| "Philosophy Education Humanity: From Western to Asian Environmental Ethics" | |
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| Appendix: Twenty Cases for Reflection | |
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| The Black Stork: Science, Fact, Value, and Culture | |
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| The Insanity Plea | |
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| The USA Patriot Acts I and II | |
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| Fertility Pills and Reproductive Rights | |
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| Zoe Warwick | |
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| The Japanese and Whaling | |
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| Beijing, the Olympics, and Human Rights | |
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| Assisted Suicide for Psychological Suffering? | |
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| Stoning for Adultery | |
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| Digital Angel | |
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| Hindu Widows | |
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| Mizuko Kuyo | |
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| AZT Research in Africa: Ethical Imperialism? | |
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| The SARS Virus | |
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| Herculaneum and La Oroya | |
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| Cell Phones and The Democratic Republic of Congo | |
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| Chelyabinsk | |
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| The Perks of an Education | |
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| The International Criminal Court | |
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| Nike's Right to Lie | |