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| Introduction | |
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| A Model and Policy Tools for the Urban Environment | |
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| An Environmental Policy System Framework for the City | |
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| Modeling the City's Physical System | |
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| The Social System | |
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| The Policy Process | |
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| An Overview of the City System | |
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| The Purpose of the System Model | |
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| Policy-Analytic Concepts for the Urban Environment | |
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| Private Goods | |
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| Public Goods, Rivalry, Excludability, and Congestion | |
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| Marketable Public Goods and Legal and Physical Excludability | |
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| Common Pool Resources (CPRs) and the Tragedy of the Commons | |
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| Externalities | |
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| Recapitulation Regarding Public Goods | |
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| The Right Amount of Pollution Is Rarely No Pollution | |
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| The Law of Unintended Consequences | |
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| The Fallacy of Sunk Costs | |
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| How to Use the Information from This Chapter | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Useful Policy Instruments for Correcting Market Failures | |
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| Some Useful Policy Instruments | |
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| Generic Solutions for Pure Private Goods | |
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| Information Problems | |
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| Generic Solutions for Marketable Public/Toll Goods | |
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| Generic Solutions for CPRs | |
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| Generic Solutions for Pure Public Goods | |
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| Congestion and Externalities | |
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| Excess Risk | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Recommended Website | |
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| Benefit-Cost Analysis | |
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| The Basic Idea of Benefit-Cost Analysis | |
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| Three Important Issues in Formal BCA: Monetization, Standing, and Time | |
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| Standing: Whose Costs and Benefits Should Be Counted? | |
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| Monetization | |
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| Taking into Account Externalities | |
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| Plug-In Shadow Prices | |
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| Other Issues That Are Likely to Arise in BCAs of Urban Environmental Policy | |
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| Sensitivity Analysis | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Question and Exercises | |
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| Recommended Websites | |
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| Bridging Policy, Politics, Economics, Ecology, Media, and Communication | |
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| Integrating Policy, Ecosystem Management, and Environmental Media | |
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| Ecosystem Management | |
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| Adaptive Management | |
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| The Holistic Consideration of Air, Water, and Land Within the Conceptual Model | |
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| Checklists for Administrators | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Environmental Media and Environmental Justice | |
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| Air | |
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| Interactions Between Air, Water, Land | |
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| Key Ecological Issues | |
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| Key Social Issues | |
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| Policy Tools in the Air Context | |
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| Conclusion and Checklist for Administrators | |
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| Water | |
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| Interactions | |
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| Key Ecological Issues | |
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| Key Social Issues and Policy Tools in the Water Context | |
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| Conclusion and Checklist for Administrators | |
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| Recommended Websites | |
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| Land | |
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| Land Use in the Urban Environment | |
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| Trends in Urban Land Use | |
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| Key Ecological Issues | |
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| Key Social Issues | |
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| Policy Tools in the Land Context | |
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| Conclusion and Checklist for Administrators | |
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| Environmental Justice | |
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| The EJ Debate | |
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| Does Environmental Injustice Matter? | |
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| What Should Analysts Do About EJ? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Recommended Websites | |
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| Communicating About Environmental Policy | |
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| Learning from Citizens: Public Participation in Environmental Policy | |
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| Recent Trends in Public Participation | |
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| Benefits, Limits, and Cautions: Is It Worth the Effort? | |
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| Tools for Public Participation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Recommended Websites | |
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| References | |
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| Creative, Democratic Methods for Teaching and Learning from Citizens | |
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| Use Excellent Graphics | |
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| Reimagine Graphical Concepts | |
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| Consider Policy Games | |
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| Use Cutting-Edge Technology to Present Decision-Making Data Creatively | |
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| Apply Several Creative Methods to Legitimation: Use an SVR | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Take a Holistic Approach to Environmental Policy | |
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| Use Adaptive, Flexible, and Inclusive Management | |
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| Consider Interactions Between Environmental Media | |
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| Make Contextual and Ethical Use of Policy Tools | |
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| Summary | |
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| Note | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |