| |
| |
| Preface and Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foundations Of Political Science Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| Research Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| Purposes for Political Science Research | |
| |
| |
| The "Big Issues" in Political Science | |
| |
| |
| Categories of Political Science Research | |
| |
| |
| From Thematic Focus to Research Topics | |
| |
| |
| Different Answers for Similar Problems | |
| |
| |
| Defining Research | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Research Approaches and Methods | |
| |
| |
| The Positivist Research Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Postpositivist Revolution | |
| |
| |
| A New Beginning for Research | |
| |
| |
| Research Methods in-Political Science | |
| |
| |
| Three Common Positivist Research Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Postpositivist Research Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding the Research Process | |
| |
| |
| Steps in the Research Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identifying the Research Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing Research Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deciding on a Research Strategy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prepare a Research Plan | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gather the Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analyze and Interpret the Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prepare and Present the Findings | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selecting a Research Design and Choosing a Research Topic | |
| |
| |
| Quantitative Designs | |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Designs | |
| |
| |
| Combined Research Designs | |
| |
| |
| Choosing a Research Topic | |
| |
| |
| Tasks in Problem Definition | |
| |
| |
| Choosing a Research Theme or Position | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preparing a Research Proposal | |
| |
| |
| Contents of a Typical Research Proposal | |
| |
| |
| The Finished Product | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Legal and Ethical Environment of Research | |
| |
| |
| The Meaning of Ethics | |
| |
| |
| How Can You Know Which Is the Right Decision? | |
| |
| |
| Five Important Research Problem Areas | |
| |
| |
| Research Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantitative Research Approaches and Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Quantitative Research and Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Issues of Reliability and Validity | |
| |
| |
| Defining Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Categories of Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Parameters vs. Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Statistics in Political Science Research | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Some Sampling Methods | |
| |
| |
| Dealing with Error and Bias in Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Nonresponse Error | |
| |
| |
| The Meaning of Sample Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploratory Research: The Probing Approach | |
| |
| |
| Purposes for Exploratory Research | |
| |
| |
| Methods in Exploratory Data Collection | |
| |
| |
| Analyzing Exploratory Data | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Research: The Survey Approach | |
| |
| |
| Advantages of Using Questionnaires | |
| |
| |
| Some Characteristics of Questionnaires | |
| |
| |
| How to Prepare Your Own Questionnaire | |
| |
| |
| Developing and Wording Questions | |
| |
| |
| Projective Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Developing and Using Scales | |
| |
| |
| Other Types of Scales | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Causal Research: The Experimental Approach | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts in Experimental Design | |
| |
| |
| Approaches to Experimental Design | |
| |
| |
| Testing Differences with Student's t-Test | |
| |
| |
| Different Approaches for the t-Test | |
| |
| |
| Comparing Scores of More Than Two Groups | |
| |
| |
| Three Versions of ANOVA | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpreting Exploratory and Descriptive Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Measures of Central Tendency | |
| |
| |
| Measures of Variability | |
| |
| |
| Measures of Relative Position | |
| |
| |
| Measures of Correlation | |
| |
| |
| Calculating Descriptive Statistics with Excel | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Testing Research Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| Classes of Hypothesis Tests | |
| |
| |
| Probability and Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Error in Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| One-Sample Hypothesis Tests | |
| |
| |
| The Excel Confidence Test | |
| |
| |
| Normal Distribution Tests | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Nonparametric Analogs of Parametric Tests | |
| |
| |
| Nonparametric Tests for Location | |
| |
| |
| One-Sample Nonparametric Tests | |
| |
| |
| The K-S One-Sample Test for Ordinal Data | |
| |
| |
| Nonparametric Tests for Differences | |
| |
| |
| Two Related-Sample Tests | |
| |
| |
| Three or More Independent Sample Tests | |
| |
| |
| Three or More Independent Sample Tests | |
| |
| |
| Nonparametric Relationship Tests | |
| |
| |
| Tests for Nominal Level Data | |
| |
| |
| Ordinal Data Association Tests | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Correlation and Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Relationship Test Applications | |
| |
| |
| Correlation Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Correlation Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Simple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| A Simple Regression Example | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Regression with Dummy Variables | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploring Multivariate Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Regression with Dummy Variables | |
| |
| |
| Predicting with Discriminant Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Group-Classification Applications | |
| |
| |
| Factor and Cluster Analysis Methods | |
| |
| |
| Factor Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Conducting a Factor Analysis with SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Cluster Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Research Approaches and Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods | |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Research Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Explanatory Approach: Case and Historical Methods | |
| |
| |
| Case Method Research | |
| |
| |
| What Is a Case Study? | |
| |
| |
| Three Types of Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| When to Use the Case Study Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Single-Case Study | |
| |
| |
| The Multi-Case Method | |
| |
| |
| Steps in the Case Study Method | |
| |
| |
| Important Guidelines for Case Study Reports | |
| |
| |
| Historical Research in Political Science | |
| |
| |
| Capturing the Nature of Political History | |
| |
| |
| Conducting Historical Research | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Interpretive Approach I: Grounded Theory Methods | |
| |
| |
| Early Goals for Grounded Theory | |
| |
| |
| Importance of Grouping and Coding | |
| |
| |
| Two Approaches to Grounded Theory | |
| |
| |
| Steps in the Grounded Theory Process | |
| |
| |
| A Seven-Stage Model for Grounded Theory Research | |
| |
| |
| The Final Stage: Development of a Theory | |
| |
| |
| A Brief Caveat about the Method | |
| |
| |
| Grounded Theory Research in Practice | |
| |
| |
| Grounded Theory and Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Interpretive Approach II: Ethnographic Research Methods | |
| |
| |
| Industrialization and the Social Sciences | |
| |
| |
| Ethnography, Ethology, or Ethnology? | |
| |
| |
| Ethnography in Political Science Research | |
| |
| |
| Urbanism Research | |
| |
| |
| Ethnography and Organizational Culture | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Critical Approach: Feminist and Empowerment Research | |
| |
| |
| The Feminist Research Model | |
| |
| |
| Empowerment Research | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis Methods for Qualitative Data | |
| |
| |
| What Are Qualitative Data? | |
| |
| |
| Components of Qualitative Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Bringing Order to Raw Qualitative Data | |
| |
| |
| A Nine-Step Analysis Process | |
| |
| |
| The Jones Qualitative Data Analysis Process | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Ethnographic Study Data | |
| |
| |
| Computer Analysis of Qualitative Data | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analyzing Texts, Documents, and Artifacts | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Texts as Data | |
| |
| |
| Reviewing the Relevant Literature | |
| |
| |
| Document Research Using Archival Data | |
| |
| |
| Performing a Meta-analysis of Existing Research | |
| |
| |
| Hermeneutic Analysis of Text and Nontext Material | |
| |
| |
| Semiotics: The Analysis of Signs and Symbols | |
| |
| |
| Content, Narrative, and Discourse Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Examining Material Culture (Artifact Analysis) | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preparing and Presenting Research Findings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizing Information in Tables, Charts and Graphs | |
| |
| |
| Making Sense out of Raw Data | |
| |
| |
| Preparing a Stem-and-Leaf Diagram | |
| |
| |
| Communicating with Charts and Graphs | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizing and Writing a Research Report | |
| |
| |
| How to Structure a Research Report | |
| |
| |
| Sections in a Research Report | |
| |
| |
| Style: First Person or Third person? | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions and/or Recommendations Section | |
| |
| |
| Style in Research Report Writing | |
| |
| |
| Style in the Bibliography (References) Section | |
| |
| |
| Some Standard Style Requirements | |
| |
| |
| Other Style Manuals | |
| |
| |
| Special Requirements for Political Science Research papers | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Statistical Software | |
| |
| |
| How Do I Start Using SPSS? | |
| |
| |
| The SPSS Opening Screen | |
| |
| |
| Entering Variable Labels | |
| |
| |
| Working with the Data Editor Toolbar | |
| |
| |
| Processing Numerical Data with SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Variable Labels | |
| |
| |
| Value Labels | |
| |
| |
| Missing Values | |
| |
| |
| Data Types | |
| |
| |
| Entering Data | |
| |
| |
| Putting SPSS to Work | |
| |
| |
| Using the Frequencies Dialogue Box | |
| |
| |
| Univariate Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Bivariate | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Measures of Association | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Author Index | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |
| |
| |
| About the Author | |