| List of Tables and Figures | |
| Preface | |
| Theory and Fundamentals | |
| Introduction to Environmental and Natural Resources Economics | |
| Introduction | |
| Fundamental Concepts | |
| Some Reasons for Optimism and Some Reasons for Concern | |
| Reasons for Optimism | |
| Reasons for Concern | |
| Overview | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Value Systems and Economic Systems | |
| Introduction | |
| Fundamentals of Ethical Systems | |
| Deontological Ethics | |
| Teleological Ethics | |
| A Closer Look at Utilitarianism | |
| Self-Interest, the Common Good, and Social Order | |
| Private Property | |
| Locke and the Liberal Society | |
| Rousseau and the Civil Society | |
| On Positive and Normative Economics | |
| Economic Questions That All Societies Must Answer | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| The Economics of Market Allocation | |
| Introduction | |
| Market Capitalism | |
| Conditions Required for a Well-Functioning Competitive Market | |
| Market Demand and Supply | |
| Market Demand | |
| Market Supply | |
| Market Equilibrium and Efficiency | |
| Market Equilibrium | |
| Efficient Resource Allocation | |
| Market Failure | |
| Monopoly, Cartels, and Market Power | |
| Externalities | |
| Common-Pool Resources and Public Goods: Collectively Produced and/or Consumed Goods | |
| Imperfect Information | |
| Fairness, Equity, and Distributive Justice | |
| Perspectives on Market Failures and Government Intervention | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Appendix: A Calculus-based Derivation of Supply Curves | |
| Externalities, Market Failures, and Policy Interventions | |
| Introduction | |
| Positive Externalities | |
| Negative Externalities | |
| Property Rights and Negative Externalities | |
| Social Cost as the Sum of Private and External Cost | |
| Competitive Markets are Inefficient When There Are Negative Externalities | |
| Pigouvian Taxes: The Theory of Policy Interventions for Negative Externalities | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| The Economics of Natural Resource Systems | |
| Part I: Theory and Concepts | |
| Introduction and Overview | |
| Allocating Nonrenewable Resources | |
| The Industrial Organization of Energy Delivery in the United States | |
| The Theory of Dynamically Efficient Nonrenewable Resources Pricing | |
| Present Value Analysis | |
| Dynamic Efficiency | |
| Allocating Recyclable Resources | |
| Allocating Renewable Resources | |
| Allocating Common-Pool Resources | |
| Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital | |
| Resources for the Future: Factors Affecting Future Resource Scarcity | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Appendix: The Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons | |
| Policy | |
| The Economics of Natural Resource Systems, Part II: Marine Capture Fisheries | |
| Introduction | |
| World Trends | |
| Bioeconomic Model of a Fishery | |
| Fishery Management | |
| Individual Quotas | |
| Aquaculture | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Measurement and Analysis of Benefits and Costs | |
| Introduction: Benefit/Cost Analysis | |
| Efficiency | |
| Maximizing Net Present Discounted Value (PV) | |
| An Illustrative Example of Benefit/Cost Analysis | |
| The Coase Theorem | |
| Operationalizing Benefit/Cost Analysis in U.S. Environmental Policy | |
| Measuring Benefits | |
| Overview | |
| Measuring the Health and Ecological Benefits of Regulation: Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and the Value of a Statistical Life | |
| Categories of Non-Marketed Environmental Benefits: Use and Nonuse Values | |
| Use Values | |
| Nonuse Values | |
| Measuring Non-Marketed Environmental Benefits: The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) | |
| Examples of CVM Studies | |
| The CVM Debate | |
| Measuring Nonmarketed Environmental Benefits: The Travel Cost Method (TCM) | |
| Measuring Nonmarketed Environmental Benefits: Hedonic Regression Method (HRM) | |
| Other Valuation Approaches | |
| Measuring Costs | |
| Direct Costs | |
| Indirect Costs | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| The Political Economy of Environmental Regulation and Resource Management | |
| Introduction: What Is Political Economy? | |
| Economic Models of Political Economy and the Regulatory Process | |
| Introduction | |
| The Political Market for Regulation | |
| The Political Economy of Environmental Regulation: A Selective Survey | |
| The Political Economy of Locally Self-Governed Common-Pool Resources | |
| The Political Economy of International Environmental Accords: The Case of the Montreal Protocol | |
| Theoretical Foundation | |
| Case Study: The International Political Economy of CFC Control | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Motivating Regulatory Compliance: Monitoring, Enforcement, and Sanctions | |
| Introduction | |
| The Economics of Crime | |
| The Economics of Deterrence | |
| Criminal Penalties and Incarceration Versus Fines and Monetary Damages | |
| Market-based Reputational Enforcement and Voluntary Overcompliance | |
| Private Auditing | |
| Incentive Enforcement Systems | |
| EPA Enforcement | |
| Selected Civil and Criminal Case Summaries from the Department of Justice | |
| California Enforcement | |
| Compliance | |
| Citizen Suits | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Creating Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection and Resource Management | |
| Introduction | |
| Marketable Pollution Allowances | |
| An Illustration of the Cost-Savings Potential from Marketable Pollution Allowances | |
| Traditional Uniform Performance Standard and No Marketable Allowances | |
| Cap and Trade | |
| Limited Allowance Trading | |
| Advantages of Marketable Allowance Systems | |
| Disadvantages of Marketable Allowance Systems | |
| Marketable Pollution Allowances and the Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments of 1990: The Acid Rain Program | |
| Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) | |
| Emissions Trading | |
| Other Experiments with Marketable Allowances | |
| Environmental Taxes | |
| Environmental Taxes in the United States | |
| Environmental Taxes Around the World | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Global Climate Change: Science, Policy, and Economics | |
| Introduction | |
| Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Climate Change | |
| Modeling Carbon Dioxide Emissions | |
| Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions | |
| Global Climate Change Predictions | |
| The Evidence Regarding Global Climate Change | |
| International Action on Global Climate Change | |
| The Earth Summit | |
| The Kyoto Protocol | |
| Policy Studies: The Economics of Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Topics on the Economics of Sustainability | |
| Introduction to the Concept of Sustainability | |
| Introduction | |
| Sustainable Development | |
| Conservation-based Development | |
| A Working Definition of Sustainability | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Recognizing Interdependencies and Thinking Long Term | |
| Introduction | |
| Recognizing Interdependencies | |
| The Industrial Revolution and the Agrarian Transition | |
| Income, Poverty, and Economic Growth | |
| Education, Empowerment, and Justice | |
| International Trade | |
| The Argument for Free International Trade | |
| The Argument Against Free International Trade | |
| Population | |
| The Demographic Transition Model | |
| Population Forecasts | |
| Taxes and Incentives | |
| Thinking Long Term: Discounting and Policy Making | |
| The Effect of Discount Rates on Environmentally Friendly Investments and Sustainability: An Illustrative Example | |
| The Opportunity Cost of Capital and the Social Rate of Time Preference | |
| The Opportunity Cost of Capital | |
| The Social Rate of Time Preference | |
| Are the Discount Rates Associated with Competitive Financial Markets Consistent with Those Required for Sustainablity? | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Sustainable Economic Development | |
| Introduction | |
| Conventional Economic Development Strategies | |
| Conventional Economic Development Assistance Programs | |
| Case Studies | |
| Envisioning Sustainable Development: The Brundtland Commission Report, the Earth Summit, the Millennium Development Goals, and Beyond | |
| Theories of Sustainability | |
| Weak Sustainability | |
| Strong Sustainability | |
| Practical Policy Implications | |
| Sustainability Indicators | |
| Indicators of Weak Sustainability | |
| Indicators of Strong Sustainability | |
| Case Studies in Measuring Sustainable Economic Development | |
| Scotland | |
| United States | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Issues in Sustainable Production and Consumption | |
| Introduction | |
| More Sustainable Energy Resources, Technologies, and Processes | |
| Solar Energy | |
| Industrial Ecology | |
| Policies Promoting Sustainable Production and Consumption | |
| Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) | |
| Ecolabels | |
| Factors Relating to the Success of Ecolabel Programs | |
| Three Examples of Ecolabeled Goods | |
| Taxes, Subsidies, and Ecological Tax Reform | |
| Government Research and Development Funding | |
| International Environmental Certification | |
| Consumer Preferences and Sustainable Consumption | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Issues in the Economics of Sustainable Local Communities | |
| Introduction | |
| Sustainable Local Self-Governance of Localized CPR Systems | |
| Examples of Sustainable Local Communities and the Systems They Use for Governing CPRs | |
| Törbel, Switzerland | |
| Japanese Village Commons | |
| Spanish Irrigation Commons | |
| Localized Self-Governance of Fisheries | |
| Fodder and Fuelwood Use in Panchayat Community Forests | |
| Ostrom's Design Principles Associated with Sustainable Local Self-Governance of Common-Pool Resources | |
| Retrospective on CPRs and Local Self-Governance | |
| Integrating Sustainability into Local Economic Development | |
| A Model of the Local Economy | |
| Different Approaches to Economic Development | |
| Case Studies | |
| Arcata | |
| The Cogtong Bay Mangrove Management Project | |
| Sustainable Local Economic Development in South Africa | |
| Moving Toward Sustainable Urban Planning in Curitiba, Brazil | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions and Problems | |
| Internet Links | |
| References and Further Reading | |
| Glossary | |
| Index | |
| About the Author | |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |