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Preface | |
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Introduction: An Overview of AIDS | |
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AIDS in Brief | |
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The AIDS Epidemic | |
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Concepts of Infectious Disease and a History of Epidemics | |
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Factors That Affect the Spread of Epidemics | |
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Host and Virus Populations | |
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The Transmission Rate | |
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Population Densities and Infections | |
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Chronic Infections | |
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Controlling Infectious Diseases | |
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A History of Epidemics | |
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The Old World | |
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The New World | |
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Modern Concepts of Infectious Disease and Koch's Postulates | |
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Epidemics in Modern Times | |
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Syphilis: The Social Problems with a Sexually Transmitted Disease | |
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The Immune System | |
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Blood | |
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Cells of the Blood | |
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The Lymphatic Circulation | |
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B-Cells and Humoral Immunity: The Generation of Antibodies | |
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Antibodies | |
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How Does the Immune System Respond to New Antigens? | |
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Vaccines | |
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Tolerance | |
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A Summary of the Humoral Immune System | |
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T-Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
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T<sub>killer</sub> Lymphocytes | |
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T<sub>helper</sub> Lymphocytes | |
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T-Lymphocyte Recognition of Antigen-Containing Cells | |
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Virology and HIV | |
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A General Introduction to Viruses | |
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What Are Viruses? | |
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How Does a Virus Infect a Host? | |
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A Typical Virus Infection Cycle | |
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How Do We Treat Viral Infections? | |
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The Life Cycle of a Retrovirus | |
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The AIDS Virus: HIV | |
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Features of HIV | |
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The Effects of HIV Infection in Individuals | |
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The HIV Antibody Test | |
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Potential Problems with the HIV Antibody Test | |
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Testing for the Level of Circulating HIV | |
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How Does HIV Evade the Immune System? | |
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Azidothymidine (AZT): The First Effective Drug Treatment in HIV/AIDS | |
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Limitations of AZT | |
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Protease Inhibitors: Another Class of Drugs Against HIV | |
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Where Did HIV Come From? | |
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Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of AIDS | |
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Exposure, Infection, and Disease | |
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Exposure Versus Infection | |
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Infection Versus Disease | |
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HIV Infection in Untreated Individuals | |
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Primary Infection and the Asymptomatic Period | |
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Initial Disease Symptoms | |
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Damage to the Immune System and Full-Blown AIDS | |
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High Turnover of T<sub>helper</sub> Cells in AIDS Patients | |
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Antiviral Drugs for HIV | |
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Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | |
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Protease Inhibitors | |
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Integrase Inhibitors | |
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Fusion Inhibitors | |
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Clinical Management of HIV-infected Individuals | |
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Monitoring Infection and Disease | |
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Antiretroviral Therapy | |
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Limitations and Uncertainties in ART Therapies | |
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Timing the Initiation of ART | |
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Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections | |
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Epidemiology and AIDS | |
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An Overview of Epidemiology and AIDS | |
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Basic Concepts in Epidemiology | |
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Descriptive Studies | |
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Analytical Studies | |
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Correlations | |
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Criteria for a Causal Relationship | |
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Epidemiology and AIDS in the United States | |
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The Current Picture of AIDS in the United States | |
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Epidemiology and Modes of HIV Transmission | |
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Likelihood of Progression to AIDS | |
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The Effectiveness of AZT | |
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The Changing Face of AIDS | |
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AIDS Around the World | |
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AIDS in Africa | |
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AIDS in Asia | |
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New Areas of Rapid Spread | |
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HIV Subgroups and Clades | |
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Modes of HIV Transmission and Personal Risk Factors | |
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Biological Bases of HIV Transmission | |
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Sources of Infectious HIV | |
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Stability of HIV | |
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Targets for HIV Infection | |
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Modes of HIV Transmission | |
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Activities Not Associated with HIV Transmission: Casual Contact | |
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Activities Associated with HIV Transmission: Birth, Blood, and Sex | |
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Individual Assessments of HIV Risk | |
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Introduction to Individual Decision Making and Action | |
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Risk Assessment | |
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Normative Model | |
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Subjective Probability Model | |
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HIV Testing and Risk Assessment | |
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Nature and Accuracy of the HIV Test | |
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Testing Context: HIV Counseling as Part of the HIV Test | |
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Testing Options | |
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Prevention of AIDS | |
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Disease Prevention and Health Promotion | |
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Models of Health Behavior Change | |
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Health Belief Model | |
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Health Decision Model | |
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Precaution-Adoption Process Model | |
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Principles of Health Behavior Change | |
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The Cognitive Principle | |
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The Emotional Principle | |
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The Behavioral Principle | |
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The Interpersonal Principle | |
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The Social Ecological Principle | |
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The Structural Principle | |
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The Scientific Principle | |
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Examples of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs | |
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AIDS Prevention Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men | |
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AIDS Prevention Among Mexican Migrant Farm Workers | |
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Living with AIDS: Human Dimensions | |
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Theoretical Perspectives from Social Psychology | |
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Role Theories | |
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Cognitive Theories | |
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Human Dimensions of HIV/AIDS | |
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Confronting the News of Infection | |
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Accepting the Reality of Infection | |
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Opportunities and Challenges of Drug Therapies | |
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Living with AIDS: Societal Dimensions | |
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Theoretical Concepts | |
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Prejudice | |
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Discrimination | |
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Societal Dimensions of HIV/AIDS | |
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Needle Exchange for Injection Drug Users | |
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HIV Prevention for Teens | |
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Healthcare Practices | |
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Future Directions in Combating AIDS | |
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Future Directions for Biomedical Efforts | |
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Prevention of Infection | |
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Treatment of Infected Individuals | |
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Future Directions for Social Efforts | |
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Education | |
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Research | |
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A Final Note of Optimism: Time Is on Our Side | |
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Glossary | |
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Appendix: Reference Resources | |
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Index | |