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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Preface | |
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| Birth of Transcultural Nursing to Current Theories and Conceptual Models for Cultural Diversity | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Population Growth | |
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| Bicultural/Multicultural | |
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| Acculturation | |
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| Other Areas of Diversity | |
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| Overview of Conceptual Models for Cultural Diversity | |
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| Nonnursing Models for Cultural Assessment | |
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| Selected Nursing Models for Cultural Assessment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Culture | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Sick Role and the Need for Cultural Sensitivity | |
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| Primary and Secondary Characteristics of Culture | |
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| Subcultures | |
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| Impact of Culture and Ethics | |
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| Culture and Mental Health | |
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| Race and Ethnicity | |
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| Ethnocentrism | |
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| Generalizations and Stereotyping | |
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| Cultural Mismatch and Cultural Pain | |
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| Culture and Its Impact on the Patient Role | |
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| Cultural Formulation and Culture-Bound Syndromes | |
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| Cultural Differences in Mortality and Morbidity | |
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| Impact of Gender | |
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| Impact of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender | |
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| Homophobia and Incidence of Discrimination | |
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| The Importance of Acceptance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Global Diversity | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cultural Diversity Defined | |
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| Cultural Factors Impacting the Clinical Relationship | |
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| The Importance of Striving for Understanding | |
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| Language Barriers | |
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| Proper Use of Interpreters | |
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| Cultural Humility | |
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| Impact of Diversity | |
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| Culturally Discordant Care | |
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| Health Disparities | |
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| Impact of Diversity on Diagnosis and Treatment | |
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| Barriers to Health Care | |
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| Ethnopharmacology | |
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| Reasons for Health Disparities | |
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| Global Healthcare Disparities | |
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| Global Diversity-The Role of Nursing | |
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| Culture of Poverty | |
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| United States | |
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| United Kingdom | |
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| Australia | |
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| Canada | |
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| South Africa | |
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| Recommendations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Organization of Healthcare Delivery in the21st Century | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| National Standards: Culturally and linguistically Appropriate Services | |
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| Standards of Care: Institute of Medicine | |
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| Identified Barriers that Contribute to Healthcare Disparities | |
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| Clinical Uncertainty | |
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| Biases | |
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| Role of Education | |
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| Impact on Public Health | |
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| Discrimination and Equitable Quality Healthcare Delivery | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Crossing the Quality Chasm | |
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| Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Teams | |
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| Need to Improve Diversity of Nursing and Healthcare Workforce | |
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| Impact oh Provision of Primary Care by Nurse Practitioners | |
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| Opportunities for Nurses to Attain Cultural Competency Certification | |
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| Future Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Unit 2 | |
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| Black Americans | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Statistics | |
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| Blacks and the US Healthcare System | |
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| Definition of Health and Illness | |
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| Traditional Healing Methods | |
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| Current Health Problems | |
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| Disparities | |
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| Mistrust of the Healthcare System | |
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| Barriers to Care | |
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| Impact of Communication | |
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| Impact of Time and Space | |
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| Impact of Environment | |
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| Impact of Biologic Variations | |
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| Impact on Social Organization | |
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| Impact on Faith and Spirituality | |
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| Summary | |
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| Hispanics/Latinos | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Terminology: Latinos or Hispanics? | |
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| Background | |
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| History of Hispanics in the United States | |
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| Mexican Americans | |
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| Puerto Ricans | |
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| Cuban Americans | |
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| Central Americans | |
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| Dominican Americans | |
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| South Americans | |
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| Consequences of Immigration to the United States for Hispanics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Asians/Pacific Islanders | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Chinese Americans | |
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| Korean Americans | |
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| Cambodian Americans | |
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| Vietnamese Americans | |
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| Asian Indian Americans | |
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| Japanese Americans | |
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| Filipino Americans | |
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| Pacific Islander Americans | |
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| Summary | |
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| Native Americans | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Variables Impacting Degree of Acculturation | |
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| Definition of Health and Illness | |
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| Specific Nursing Considerations | |
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| Traditional Health Beliefs | |
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| Impact of Communication | |
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| Impact of Time and Space | |
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| Impact of Social Organization | |
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| Biologic Variations | |
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| Impact of Faith and Spirituality | |
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| Navajos | |
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| Alaska Natives/American Eskimos | |
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| Summary | |
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| Whites (Non-Hispanic) | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Settlers of the New World | |
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| Mass Migration of the1820s to the 1880s | |
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| Projections | |
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| Irish Americans | |
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| Italian Americans | |
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| Appalachians | |
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| TheAmish | |
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| Roma (Gypsies) | |
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| Jewish Americans | |
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| Russian Americans | |
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| Summary | |
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| Glossary of Additional Cultural Terms | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Background | |
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| Principles of Muslim Faith | |
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| Muslim Health Beliefs | |
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| Important Nursing Implications | |
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| Index | |