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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| List of Contributors | |
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| Addressing Health Disparities in the 21st Century | |
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| Overview of Health Disparities | |
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| Definition of Health Disparities | |
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| Models of Health Disparities | |
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| Factors Contributing to Health Disparities | |
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| Need for Relevant, Effective Interventions | |
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| Historical Perspectives of Health Disparities | |
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| Contemporary Disparities | |
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| Progress on Eliminating Disparities | |
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| Health Workforce Education | |
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| Cultural Competence and Trust | |
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| Communication and Disparities | |
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| Environmental Disparities | |
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| Solutions for the Reduction/Elimination of Health Disparities | |
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| Race/Ethnicity, Trust, and Health Disparities: Trustworthiness, Ethics, and Action | |
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| Trust and Trustworthiness: Meanings, Distinctions, and Relevance | |
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| Addressing Trustworthiness: From Theory to Principles to Action Guides | |
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| What Health Professionals and Institutions Should Do | |
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| Justness, Health Care, and Health Disparities | |
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| The Idea of Health Disparities | |
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| How Justness and Health Disparities Might Be Considered an Ethics Afterthought | |
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| The Turn Toward "Professionalism" | |
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| Justness from a New View | |
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| The Role of Academic Medical Centers in the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities | |
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| Recruiting for Diversity | |
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| Cultural Competency Training | |
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| Health Disparities Research | |
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| Advocacy | |
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| Nursing Perspectives in Addressing Health Disparities | |
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| "We just want to be treated like everybody else." | |
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| "Water, water everywhere, but who's stopping to drink?" | |
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| "Never trust anybody over 30? Why, they're talking about me!" | |
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| "Oh, come on, Valda. You're being much too sensitive!" | |
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| The Role of Nurses in Promoting Cultural Competency | |
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| Demographic Challenges to Contemporary Nurses | |
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| Nurses Bridging the Gaps | |
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| Adding Insult to Injury | |
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| The Many Faces of Patient Vulnerability | |
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| The Ground Meat Parable, or "If I really listen I will understand." | |
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| Full Circle: The Qualified Medical Interpreter in the Culturally Competent Healthcare System | |
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| The Why and How of Language Access in Health Care | |
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| The Professional Interpreter: Beyond Bilingualism | |
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| Examples as Food for Thought | |
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| Cultural Proficiency: Challenges for Health Professionals | |
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| Communication | |
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| Cultural Understanding | |
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| Trust | |
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| Actions by Others to Ensure Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Care | |
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| Experiences of Minority Professionals | |
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| Cultural Competency Research: Description of a Methodology. Part I | |
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| Background Information | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Community Assessment Instrument (Pre-Test) | |
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| Community Assessment Instrument (Post-Test) | |
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| Cultural Competency Instrument: A Description of a Methodology. Part II | |
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| Background | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Cultural Competency Instrument (CCI) | |
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| Statistical Models in Health Disparities Research | |
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| Study Design | |
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| Health Disparities Measures | |
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| Statistical Models | |
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| Addressing Health Disparities: The Hispanic Perspective | |
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| Access to Care | |
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| Immigration and Acculturation | |
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| Health across the Life Course | |
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| Chronic and Communicable Disease | |
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| Mental Health | |
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| Occupational and Environmental Health | |
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| Social and Behavioral Health | |
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| How to Address Health Disparities among Hispanics | |
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| Health Disparities among Native American People of the United States | |
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| Historical Origins of Health Disparities in Native Americans | |
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| Federal Trust Relationship with Native American Tribes | |
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| Population and Socioeconomic Characteristics | |
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| Geographic Isolation and Cultural Barriers to Health Care | |
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| Mortality | |
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| Cardiovascular Diseases | |
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| Malignant Neoplasms | |
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| Unintentional Injuries | |
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| Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Natality, Infant Mortality, and Maternal Health | |
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| Suicide | |
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| Substance Abuse | |
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| Sexually Transmitted Disease/HIV | |
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| Behavioral Health Risk Characteristics | |
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| Oral Health | |
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| Other Areas and Health Disparities | |
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| Population to Health Professionals Ratio | |
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| Indian Healthcare System | |
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| Addressing Health Disparities in American Indians | |
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| Addressing Health Disparities in Immigrant Populations in the United States | |
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| Definitions of Immigrants, Foreign-Born Persons, Refugees, and Naturalized Citizens | |
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| The Numbers of Immigrants and Foreign-Born Persons in the United States | |
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| Health Disparities in Immigrant and Foreign-Born Populations | |
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| Access to Health Care among Immigrants | |
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| Policies and Practices Intended to Eliminate Health Disparities among Immigrants | |
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| Cultural Proficiency among Healthcare Providers and Researchers | |
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| Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Research with Immigrants as Subjects | |
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| Minority Attitudes and Perception of Health Care: A Comparison of Comments from a Cultural Competency Questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Results | |
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| Health Disparities: The Nebraska Perspective | |
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| Who Are the "Cornhuskers"? | |
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| Health Disparities in Nebraska | |
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| What Is Nebraska's Commitment Today? What Are We Doing? | |
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| Nebraska's Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities | |
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| State Financing for Nebraska's Public Health | |
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| Health Education of Racial/Ethnic Minorities | |
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| The Need for Public Health Leadership | |
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| Cultural Proficiency and Health Disparity: The St. Louis, Missouri, Perspective | |
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| The Emergence and Growth of the City of St. Louis | |
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| Financial Development and Socioeconomic Disparities | |
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| Health Disparity in St. Louis: How Did It Happen? | |
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| The Genesis of Disparities | |
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| The Question of Racism | |
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| Education and Its Role in Healthcare Disparity in St. Louis | |
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| Cultural Proficiency in Clinical Medicine | |
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| The St. Louis Perspective: How Can We Make It Better? | |
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| Health Disparities in the Pediatric Age Group | |
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| Background | |
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| Literature Review | |
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| Pediatric Diversity | |
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| Education | |
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| Perceived Health Disparities | |
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| Healthcare Insurance | |
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| Addressing Health Care in Communities | |
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| The Community Approach | |
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| The Need for Community Empowerment | |
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| History | |
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| Community Solutions to Health Disparities | |
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| The Relevance of Economics for Public Policies in Multidisciplinary Health Disparities Research | |
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| Economic Dimension of Health Disparities | |
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| Economic Status and Its Measurement | |
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| Income Distribution | |
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| Some Evidence on Economic Studies of Health Disparities | |
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| Some Policy Reflections | |
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| Conclusion: Global and Domestic Health Disparities-Possible Solutions | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| About the Contributors | |
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| Index | |