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| Introduction | |
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| Overview | |
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| The Main Components of a Computer | |
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| An Example System: Wading Through the Jargon | |
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| Standards Organizations | |
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| Historical Development | |
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| Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642-1945) | |
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| The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945-1953) | |
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| The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954-1965) | |
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| The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965-1980) | |
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| The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980-????) | |
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| Moore's Law | |
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| The Computer Level Hierarchy | |
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| The von Neumann Model | |
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| Non-von Neumann Models | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Data Representation in Computer Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Positional Numbering Systems | |
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| Decimal to Binary Conversions | |
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| Converting Unsigned Whole Numbers | |
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| Converting Fractions | |
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| Converting between Power-of-Two Radices | |
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| Signed Integer Representation | |
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| Signed Magnitude | |
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| Complement Systems | |
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| Unsigned Versus Signed Numbers | |
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| Computers, Arithmetic, and Booth's Algorithm | |
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| Carry Versus Overflow | |
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| Floating-Point Representation | |
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| A Simple Model | |
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| Floating-Point Arithmetic | |
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| Floating-Point Errors | |
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| The IEEE-754 Floating-Point Standard | |
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| Range, Precision, and Accuracy | |
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| Additional Problems with Floating-Point Numbers | |
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| Character Codes | |
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| Binary-Coded Decimal | |
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| EBCDIC | |
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| ASCII | |
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| Unicode | |
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| Error Detection and Correction | |
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| Cyclic Redundancy Check | |
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| Hamming Codes | |
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| Reed-Soloman | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Boolean Algebra | |
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| Boolean Expressions | |
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| Boolean Identities | |
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| Simplification of Boolean Expressions | |
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| Complements | |
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| Representing Boolean Functions | |
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| Logic Gates | |
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| Symbols for Logic Gates | |
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| Universal Gates | |
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| Multiple Input Gates | |
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| Digital Components | |
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| Digital Circuits and Their Relationship to Boolean Algebra | |
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| Integrated Circuits | |
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| Combinational Circuits | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Examples of Typical Combinational Circuits | |
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| Sequential Circuits | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Clocks | |
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| Flip-Flops | |
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| Finite State Machines | |
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| Examples of Sequential Circuits | |
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| An Application of Sequential Logic: Convolutional Coding and Viterbi Detection | |
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| Designing Circuits | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| CPU Basics and Organization | |
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| The Registers | |
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| The ALU | |
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| The Control Unit | |
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| The Bus | |
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| Clocks | |
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| The Input/Output Subsystem | |
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| Memory Organization and Addressing | |
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| Interrupts | |
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| MARIE | |
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| The Architecture | |
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| Registers and Buses | |
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| Instruction Set Architecture | |
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| Register Transfer Notation | |
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| Instruction Processing | |
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| The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle | |
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| Interrupts and the Instruction Cycle | |
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| MARIE's I/O | |
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| A Simple Program | |
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| A Discussion on Assemblers | |
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| What Do Assemblers Do? | |
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| Why Use Assembly Language? | |
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| Extending our Instruction Set | |
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| A Discussion on Decoding: Hardwired Versus Microprogrammed Control | |
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| Machine Control | |
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| Hardwired Control | |
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| Microprogrammed Control | |
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| Real-World Examples of Computer Architectures | |
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| Intel Architectures | |
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| MIPS Architectures | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| A Closer Look at Instruction Set Architectures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Instruction Formats | |
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| Design Decisions for Instruction Sets | |
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| Little Versus Big Endian | |
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| Internal Storage in the CPU: Stacks Versus Registers | |
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| Number of Operands and Instruction Length | |
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| Expanding Opcodes | |
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| Instruction Types | |
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| Data Movement | |
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| Arithmetic Operations | |
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| Boolean Logic Instructions | |
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| Bit Manipulation Instructions | |
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| Input/Output Instructions | |
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| Instructions for Transfer of Control | |
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| Special Purpose Instructions | |
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| Instruction Set Orthogonality | |
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| Addressing | |
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| Data Types | |
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| Address Modes | |
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| Instruction-Level Pipelining | |
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| Real-World Examples of ISAs | |
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| Intel | |
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| MIPS | |
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| Java Virtual Machine | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Memory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Memory | |
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| The Memory Hierarchy | |
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| Locality of Reference | |
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| Cache Memory | |
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| Cache Mapping | |
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| Replacement Policies | |
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| Effective Access Time and Hit Ratio | |
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| When Does Caching Break Down? | |
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| Cache Write Policies | |
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| Instruction and Data Caches | |
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| Levels of Cache | |
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| Virtual Memory | |
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| Paging | |
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| Effective Access Time Using Paging | |
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| Putting It All Together: Using Cache, TLBs, and Paging | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Paging and Virtual Memory | |
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| Segmentation | |
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| Paging Combined with Segmentation | |
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| A Real-World Example of Memory Management | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Input/Output and Storage Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| I/O and Performance | |
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| Amdahl's Law | |
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| I/O Architectures | |
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| I/O Control Methods | |
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| Character I/O Versus Block I/O | |
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| I/O Bus Operation | |
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| Data Transmission Modes | |
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| Parallel Data Transmission | |
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| Serial Data Transmission | |
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| Magnetic Disk Technology | |
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| Rigid Disk Drives | |
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| Flexible (Floppy) Disks | |
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| Optical Disks | |
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| CD-ROM | |
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| DVD | |
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| Blue-Violet Laser Disks | |
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| Optical Disk Recording Methods | |
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| Magnetic Tape | |
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| RAID | |
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| RAID Level 0 | |
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| RAID Level 1 | |
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| RAID Level 2 | |
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| RAID Level 3 | |
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| RAID Level 4 | |
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| RAID Level 5 | |
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| RAID Level 6 | |
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| RAID DP | |
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| Hybrid RAID Systems | |
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| The Future of Data Storage | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| System Software | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Operating Systems | |
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| Operating Systems History | |
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| Operating System Design | |
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| Operating System Services | |
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| Protected Environments | |
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| Virtual Machines | |
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| Subsystems and Partitions | |
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| Protected Environments and the Evolution of Systems Architectures | |
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| Programming Tools | |
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| Assemblers and Assembly | |
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| Link Editors | |
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| Dynamic Link Libraries | |
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| Compilers | |
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| Interpreters | |
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| Java: All of the Above | |
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| Database Software | |
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| Transaction Managers | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Alternative Architectures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| RISC Machines | |
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| Flynn's Taxonomy | |
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| Parallel and Multiprocessor Architectures | |
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| Superscalar and VLIW | |
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| Vector Processors | |
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| Interconnection Networks | |
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| Shared Memory Multiprocessors | |
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| Distributed Computing | |
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| Alternative Parallel Processing Approaches | |
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| Dataflow Computing | |
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| Neural Networks | |
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| Systolic Arrays | |
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| Quantum Computing | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Topics in Embedded Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An Overview of Embedded Hardware | |
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| Off-the-Shelf Embedded System Hardware | |
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| Configurable Hardware | |
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| Custom-Designed Embedded Hardware | |
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| An Overview of Embedded Software | |
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| Embedded Systems Memory Organization | |
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| Embedded Operating Systems | |
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| Embedded Systems Software Development | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Performance Measurement and Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Computer Performance Equations | |
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| Mathematical Preliminaries | |
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| What the Means Mean | |
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| The Statistics and Semantics | |
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| Benchmarking | |
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| Clock Rate, MIPS, and FLOPS | |
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| Synthetic Benchmarks: Whetstone, Linpack, and Dhrystone | |
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| Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Benchmarks | |
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| Transaction Processing Performance Council Benchmarks | |
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| System Simulation | |
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| CPU Performance Optimization | |
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| Branch Optimization | |
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| Use of Good Algorithms and Simple Code | |
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| Disk Performance | |
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| Understanding the Problem | |
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| Physical Considerations | |
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| Logical Considerations | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Network Organization and Architecture | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Business Computer Networks | |
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| Early Academic and Scientific Networks: The Roots and Architecture of the Internet | |
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| Network Protocols I: ISO/OSI Protocol Unification | |
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| A Parable | |
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| The OSI Reference Model | |
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| Network Protocols II: TCP/IP Network Architecture | |
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| The IP Layer for Version 4 | |
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| The Trouble with IP Version 4 | |
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| Transmission Control Protocol | |
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| The TCP Protocol at Work | |
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| IP Version 6 | |
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| Network Organization | |
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| Physical Transmission Media | |
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| Interface Cards | |
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| Repeaters | |
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| Hubs | |
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| Switches | |
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| Bridges and Gateways | |
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| Routers and Routing | |
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| High-Capacity Digital Links | |
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| The Digital Hierarchy | |
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| ISDN | |
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| Asynchronous Transfer Mode | |
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| A Look at the Internet | |
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| Ramping on to the Internet | |
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| Ramping up the Internet | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Selected Storage Systems and Interfaces | |
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| Introduction | |
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| SCSI Architecture | |
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| "Classic" Parallel SCSI | |
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| The SCSI Architecture Model-3 | |
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| Internet SCSI | |
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| Storage Area Networks | |
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| Other I/O Connections | |
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| Parallel Buses: XT to ATA | |
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| Serial ATA and Serial Attached SCSI | |
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| Peripheral Component Interconnect | |
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| A Serial Interface: USB | |
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| High Performance Peripheral Interface: HiPPI | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Review of Essential Terms and Concepts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Data Structures and the Computer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamental Structures | |
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| Arrays | |
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| Queues and Linked Lists | |
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| Stacks | |
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| Trees | |
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| Network Graphs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Answers and Hints for Selected Exercises | |
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| Index | |