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| Introduction to Criminalistics | |
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| Investigating the Crime Scene | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Securing the Crime Scene | |
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| Identifying, Establishing, Protecting, and Securing the Boundaries | |
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| Documenting the Scene and the Evidence | |
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| Note Taking | |
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| Photography | |
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| Sketching | |
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| Videography | |
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| Systematic Search for Evidence | |
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| Recognition of Physical Evidence | |
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| Collection, Preservation, Inventory, and Transportation of Physical Evidence | |
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| Impression Evidence: Tire Tracks, Footprints, Tool Marks, Latent Fingerprints, and Palm Prints | |
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| Biological Evidence: Blood, Saliva, Semen, and Vaginal Fluids | |
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| Firearms and Ammunition | |
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| Arson and Bomb Evidence | |
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| Chemicals and Controlled Substances | |
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| Trace Evidence | |
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| Packaging Evidence | |
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| Submitting Evidence to the Crime Laboratory | |
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| Chain of Custody | |
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| Criminal Evidence and the Fourth Amendment | |
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| Exceptions to the Fourth Amendment | |
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| The Supreme Court and the Fourth Amendment | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Investigating and Processing Physical Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Evidence | |
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| The Modern Crime Lab | |
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| National Laboratories | |
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| State and Municipal Laboratories | |
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| Divisions of the Crime Lab | |
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| Functions of a Forensic Scientist | |
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| Additional Information | |
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| State of the Evidence | |
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| Why Examine Physical Evidence? | |
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| Characteristics of Physical Evidence | |
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| Identification | |
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| Associative Evidence | |
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| Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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| Pattern Evidence | |
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| Explosion Patterns | |
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| Firearm Ballistics | |
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| Entry and Exit Hole Geometry | |
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| Bullet Trajectory | |
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| Bullet Ricochet | |
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| Shell Casings | |
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| Bloodstain Patterns | |
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| Point of Convergence | |
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| Physical Evidence in Court | |
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| Expert Testimony | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Trace Evidence | |
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| Physical Properties: Forensic Characterization of Soil | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physical and Chemical Properties | |
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| The Metric System | |
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| The International System of Units | |
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| SI Base Units | |
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| Conversion from the SI to the English System (and Vice Versa) | |
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| Mass and Weight | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Density | |
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| Soil | |
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| Forensic Characteristics of Soils | |
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| Gradient Tube Separation of Soil: Separation by Density | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| The Microscope and Forensic Identification of Hair and Fibers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Magnifying Small Details | |
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| Refraction | |
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| Types of Microscopes | |
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| Compound Microscopes | |
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| Comparison Microscopes | |
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| Stereoscopic Microscopes | |
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| Polarizing Microscopes | |
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| Microspectrophotometers | |
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| Scanning Electron Microscopes | |
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| Forensic Applications of Microscopy: Hair | |
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| Hair Morphology | |
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| Hair Growth | |
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| Comparison of Hair by Microscopy | |
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| Collecting Hair Evidence | |
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| Information Obtained by Microscopic Comparison of Hair | |
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| Forensic Applications of Microscopy: Fibers | |
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| Natural Fibers | |
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| Synthetic Fibers | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Forensic Analysis of Glass | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Glass | |
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| Tempered Glass | |
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| Windshield Glass | |
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| Forensic Examination of Glass Evidence: An Overview | |
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| Nonoptical Physical Properties of Glass | |
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| Surface Striations and Markings | |
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| Surface Contaminants | |
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| Thickness | |
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| Hardness | |
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| Glass Fractures | |
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| Characteristics of Glass Fractures | |
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| Forensic Examination of Glass Fractures | |
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| Glass Density Tests | |
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| Optical Physical Properties of Glass | |
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| Color | |
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| Refractive Index | |
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| Refractive Index of Tempered versus Nontempered Glass | |
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| Variations in Density and Refractive Index | |
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| Elemental Analysis of Glass | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Pattern Evidence | |
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| Fingerprints | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Fingerprinting | |
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| Characteristics of Fingerprints | |
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| Uniqueness of Fingerprints | |
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| Permanence of Fingerprints | |
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| Fingerprint Patterns | |
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| Fingerprint Identification Points | |
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| Methods for Developing Fingerprints | |
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| Recovering Fingerprints from Hard and Nonabsorbent Surfaces | |
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| Recovering Fingerprints from Soft and Porous Surfaces | |
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| Preservation of Fingerprints | |
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| Photography of Fingerprints: An Overview | |
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| Digital Imaging of Fingerprints | |
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| Classification of Fingerprints | |
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| Primary Classification | |
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| Automated Fingerprint Identification System | |
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| Fingerprints for Biometric Identification | |
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| Finger Scanning | |
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| Biometrics-Related Issues | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Questioned Documents | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Handwriting | |
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| Development of Handwriting | |
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| Comparison of Handwriting | |
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| Collection of Handwriting Exemplars | |
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| Signatures | |
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| Erasures, Obliterations, and Alterations | |
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| Optical Analysis of Ink | |
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| Optical Analysis of Concealed Information | |
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| Chemical Analysis of Ink | |
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| Indented Writing | |
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| Typed and Word-Processed Documents | |
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| Photocopied Documents | |
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| Paper | |
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| Nondestructive Tests for Paper | |
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| Destructive Tests for Paper | |
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| Security Printing | |
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| Currency | |
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| Canadian Currency | |
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| Identity Documents | |
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| Use of Biometrics for Identity Authentication | |
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| US-VISIT | |
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| Testimony of Document Examiners | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Firearms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Firearm Accuracy | |
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| Increasing the Force of the Bullet | |
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| Improving the Rate of Firing and Firing Reliability | |
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| Handguns | |
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| Revolvers | |
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| Semiautomatic Pistols | |
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| Silencers | |
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| Submachine Guns | |
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| Rifles | |
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| Shotguns | |
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| Ammunition | |
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| Cartridges | |
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| Shotgun Ammunition | |
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| Ballistics | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Firearms | |
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| Serial Number Restoration | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Ammunition | |
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| Laboratory Examination of Firearm Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Examination of Fired Bullets | |
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| Automated Ballistics Comparisons | |
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| Laboratory Examination of Expended Cartridges | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Chemical Evidence | |
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| Inorganic Analysis: Forensic Determination of Metals and Gunshot Residue | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elements and Compounds | |
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| Elements and Molecules | |
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| Physical Properties of Inorganic Substances | |
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| Elements and Subatomic Particles | |
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| Atomic Number | |
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| Periodic Table | |
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| Periods and Groups | |
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| Metals and Nonmetals | |
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| Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Inorganic Materials | |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation and Spectra | |
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| Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table | |
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| Forensic Determination of Metals | |
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| Atomic Spectroscopy | |
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| Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy | |
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| Determining the Elemental Composition of Glass by ICP-OES | |
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| X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry | |
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| Gunpowder Residues | |
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| Composition of Gunshot Residue | |
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| Detection of Gunshot Residue | |
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| Greiss Test | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Arson | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Oxidation: The Heart of Fire | |
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| Chemical Reactions: What Makes Them Happen? | |
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| Spontaneous Reactions | |
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| Getting a Reaction Started | |
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| Factors That Influence the Intensity of a Fire | |
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| The Effect of Temperature | |
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| The Effect of Concentration | |
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| The Sequence of Events During a Fire | |
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| Incipient Stage | |
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| Free-Burning Stage | |
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| Smoldering Stage | |
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| Hydrocarbon Accelerants | |
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| Hydrocarbons | |
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| The Composition of Petroleum | |
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| Refining Petroleum | |
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| Determining the Origin and Cause of a Fire | |
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| Burn Patterns | |
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| Burn Pattern Geometry | |
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| Melting of Materials | |
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| Discolored Metals | |
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| Indicators of Arson | |
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| Charring of Floor Surfaces | |
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| Containers | |
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| Odors | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence | |
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| Analysis of Flammable Residue | |
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| Heated Headspace Sampling | |
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| Passive Headspace Diffusion (Charcoal Sampling) | |
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| Solid-Phase Microextraction | |
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| Gas Chromatography | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Drugs of Abuse | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Drug Regulation | |
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| Drug Control Laws | |
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| The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 | |
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| Drug Dependence | |
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| Commonly Abused Drugs | |
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| Narcotics | |
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| Why Opiates Work | |
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| Morphine and Codeine | |
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| Heroin | |
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| Methadone | |
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| OxyContin | |
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| Hallucinogens | |
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| Marijuana | |
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| Mescaline | |
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| Lysergic Acid Diethylamide | |
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| Phencyclidine | |
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| Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) | |
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| Depressants | |
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| Ethyl Alcohol | |
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| Barbiturates | |
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| Stimulants | |
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| Amphetamines | |
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| Cocaine | |
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| Inhalants | |
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| Club Drugs | |
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| Anabolic Steroids | |
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| Identifying Compounds in Evidence Samples Suspected of Containing Controlled Substances | |
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| Principles of Drug Analysis | |
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| Presumptive Tests | |
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| Confirmatory Tests | |
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| Tracking Drug Distribution: CISPA | |
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| Personal Testing for Drugs of Abuse | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Biological Evidence | |
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| Forensic Toxicology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Postmortem Toxicology | |
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| Collection of Postmortem Specimens | |
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| Analysis of Toxicology Specimens | |
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| Interpretation of Toxicological Information | |
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| Human Performance Testing | |
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| Field Sobriety Testing | |
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| BAC Levels | |
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| Alcohol and the Law | |
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| Alcohol Metabolism | |
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| Absorption of Alcohol into the Body | |
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| Elimination of Alcohol by Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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| Measurement of Blood Alcohol Concentration | |
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| Estimating the BAC from Absorption-Elimination Data | |
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| Estimating the Amount of Alcohol in the Circulatory System | |
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| Breath Tests for Alcohol | |
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| Breathalyzer | |
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| Intoxilyzer | |
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| Alcosensor | |
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| Blood Tests for Alcohol | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Blood | |
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| Gas Chromatography Analysis of BAC | |
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| Noninvasive Alcohol Testing | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Biological Fluids: Blood, Semen, Saliva, and an Introduction to DNA | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Blood | |
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| Tests for the Presence of Blood | |
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| Presumptive Tests for Blood | |
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| Serological Tests for Blood | |
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| Serological Blood Typing | |
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| Forensic Characterization of Saliva | |
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| Forensic Characterization of Semen | |
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| Rape Evidence Collection | |
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| Principles of Paternity | |
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| Introduction to DNA | |
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| Functions of Nucleic Acids | |
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| Structure of Nucleic Acids | |
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| The Double Helix | |
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| DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes | |
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| Cell Replication | |
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| Protein Synthesis | |
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| The Genetic Code | |
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| Nuclear DNA and the Law | |
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| Mitochondrial DNA | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Forensic DNA Typing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms | |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction: A DNA Copy Machine | |
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| Short Tandem Repeats | |
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| DNA Sequence Variations Among Individuals | |
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| Inheritance of Alleles | |
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| Analyzing the STR by Electrophoresis | |
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| Gel Electrophoresis | |
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| Capillary Electrophoresis | |
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| Multiplex DNA Analysis | |
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| Multiplexing by Size | |
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| Multiplexing by Dye Color | |
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| Multiplexing with Multiple Capillaries | |
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| Forensic STRs | |
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| CODIS | |
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| Interpretation of DNA Profiles | |
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| Simple Population Genetics | |
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| Interpreting Multiplex DNA Profiles | |
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| Paternity Testing | |
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| Mitochondrial DNA Analysis | |
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| The Y Chromosome: STRs and SNPs | |
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| Low-Copy-Number DNA Typing | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Terrorism | |
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| Explosives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Explosions | |
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| Types of Explosives | |
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| Low Explosives | |
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| High Explosives | |
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| Commercial Explosives | |
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| Dynamite | |
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| Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil | |
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| Military Explosives | |
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| TNT | |
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| RDX | |
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| HMX | |
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| Improvised Explosives | |
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| Low-Explosive IEDs | |
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| High-Explosive IEDs | |
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| Initiators | |
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| Safety Fuses | |
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| Electric Matches | |
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| Detonators | |
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| Collection of Explosive-Related Evidence | |
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| Field Tests for Explosive Residue | |
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| Laboratory Analysis of Explosives and Explosive Residues | |
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| Thin-Layer Chromatography | |
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| Gas Chromatography | |
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| Infrared Tests | |
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| Analysis of Inorganic Explosive Residues | |
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| Ion Chromatography | |
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| Taggants | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Detecting Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemical Warfare Agents | |
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| Choking Agents | |
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| Blister Agents | |
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| Blood Agents | |
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| Irritating Agents | |
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| Incapacitating Agents | |
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| Nerve Agents | |
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| Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Materials | |
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| Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Industrial Materials | |
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| Point Detection Technologies | |
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| Analytical Instruments | |
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| Standoff Detectors | |
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| Nuclear Weapons | |
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| Nuclear Radiation | |
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| Penetrating Power and Speed of Radiation | |
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| Nuclear Reactions | |
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| Radioisotope Half-life | |
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| The Harmful Effects of Radiation on Humans | |
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| Why Is Radiation Harmful? | |
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| Factors Influencing Radiation Damage | |
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| Units of Radiation | |
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| Detection of Radiation | |
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| Biological Weapons | |
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| Government Efforts to Thwart Bioterrorism | |
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| Detection of Biological Agents | |
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| Wrap Up | |
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| Forensic Science Resources | |
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| Measurement and the International System of Units (SI) | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |
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| Credits | |