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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Principles of Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice | |
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Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice | |
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Introduction | |
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Evidence-Based What? | |
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Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice | |
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Summary | |
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What Is Evidence? | |
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Introduction | |
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General Characteristics of Desirable Evidence | |
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Forms of Evidence | |
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Hierarchies of Evidence | |
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Summary | |
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The Quest for Evidence: Getting Started | |
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Introduction | |
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Formulating Clinical Questions | |
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Searching for Evidence | |
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Electronic Database for Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice | |
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U.S. National Library of Medicine-PubMed | |
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Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) | |
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Cochrane Library | |
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Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) | |
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American Physical Therapy Association's Hooked on Evidence | |
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Other Databases and Services | |
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Summary | |
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Elements of Evidence | |
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Questions, Theories, and Hypotheses | |
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Introduction | |
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The Research Question | |
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Background | |
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Theories, Concepts, and Constructs | |
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Hypotheses | |
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Summary | |
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Research Design | |
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Introduction | |
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General Features of Research Designs | |
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Research Designs for Questions About Diagnosis and Measurement | |
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Research Designs for Questions About Prognosis | |
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Research Designs for Questions About Interventions | |
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Research Designs for Questions About Outcomes | |
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Secondary Analyses | |
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Qualitative Studies | |
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Summary | |
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Research Subjects | |
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Introduction | |
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Subject Identification | |
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Subject Selection | |
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Subject Management Within the Study | |
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Sample Size | |
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Summary | |
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Variables and Their Measurements | |
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Introduction | |
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Variables | |
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Measurement | |
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Measurement Reliability | |
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Measurement Validity | |
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Responsiveness to Change | |
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Interpreting Change | |
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Summary | |
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Research Validity | |
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Introduction | |
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Research Validity | |
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Threats to Research Validity of Intervention Studies | |
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Threats to Research Validity in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Outcomes Studies | |
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The Role of Investigator Bias | |
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Additional Solutions to Research Validity Threats | |
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Threats to Construct Validity | |
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External Validity | |
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Summary | |
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Unraveling Statistical Mysteries | |
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Introduction | |
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Descriptive Statistics | |
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Parametric Statistics | |
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Tests of Differences | |
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Tests of Relationships | |
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Nonparametric Statistics | |
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Additional Statistics in Evidence-Based Physical Therapy | |
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Statistical Importance | |
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Clinical Relevance | |
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Summary | |
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Appraising the Evidence | |
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Appraising Evidence About Diagnostic Tests | |
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Introduction | |
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Study Credibility | |
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Study Results | |
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The Meaning of Study Results | |
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Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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Final Thoughts about Diagnosis in Physical Therapy | |
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Summary | |
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Appraising Evidence About Prognoses | |
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Introduction | |
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Elements of Prognosis | |
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Study Credibility | |
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Study Results | |
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The Meaning of Study Results | |
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Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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Summary | |
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Appraising Evidence About Interventions | |
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Introduction | |
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Study Credibility | |
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Additional Considerations | |
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Study Results | |
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The Meaning of Study Results | |
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Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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Summary | |
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Appraising Evidence About Outcomes | |
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Introduction | |
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Outcomes Research | |
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Study Credibility | |
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Study Results | |
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The Meaning of Study Results | |
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Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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Evidence About Outcome Measures | |
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Important Clinimetric Properties | |
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Study Results | |
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The Meaning of Study Results | |
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Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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Summary | |
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Appraising Systematic Reviews and Practice Guidelines | |
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Introduction | |
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Systematic Reviews | |
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Study Credibility | |
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Study Results | |
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The Meaning of Study Results | |
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Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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Clinical Practice Guidelines | |
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Is the Guideline Valid? | |
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Is the Guideline Acceptable? | |
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Summary | |
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Evidence in Practice | |
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Patient/Client Preferences and Values | |
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Introduction | |
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Patient-Centered Care | |
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Preferences, Expectancies, and Values | |
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Summary | |
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Putting It All Together | |
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Introduction | |
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Clinical Case Examples Using Evidence | |
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Using Physiologic Studies as Evidence | |
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Evidence Hierarchies | |
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Additional Evidence Appraisal Worksheets | |
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Calculation of Confidence Intervals | |
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Index | |