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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The History and Scope of Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Epidemiology Defined | |
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| Foundations of Epidemiology | |
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| Historical Antecedents of Epidemiology | |
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| Recent Applications of Epidemiology | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Practical Applications of Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Applications for the Assessment of the Health Status of Populations and Delivery of Health Services | |
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| Applications Relevant to Disease Etiology | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Data for Study Question 9 | |
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| Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definitions of Count, Proportion, Ratio, and Rate | |
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| Risk Versus Rate | |
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| Interrelationship Between Prevalence and Incidence | |
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| Applications of Incidence Data | |
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| Crude Rates | |
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| Specific Rates | |
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| Adjusted Rates | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Data for Study Questions 2 Through 5 | |
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| Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Characteristics of Persons | |
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| Characteristics of Place | |
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| Characteristics of Time | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Project: Descriptive Epidemiology of a Selected Health Problem | |
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| Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Criteria for the Quality and Utility of Epidemiologic Data | |
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| Computerized Bibliographic Databases | |
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| Confidentiality, Sharing of Data, and Record Linkage | |
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| Statistics Derived from the Vital Registration System | |
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| Reportable Disease Statistics | |
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| Screening Surveys | |
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| Disease Registries | |
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| Morbidity Surveys of the General Population | |
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| Insurance Data | |
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| Hospital Data | |
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| Diseases Treated in Special Clinics and Hospitals | |
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| Data from Physicians' Practices | |
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| Absenteeism Data | |
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| School Health Programs | |
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| Morbidity in the Armed Forces: Data on Active Personnel and Veterans | |
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| Other Sources of Data Relevant to Epidemiologic Studies | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case-Control | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Observational Versus Experimental Approaches in Epidemiology | |
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| Overview of Study Designs Used in Epidemiology | |
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| Ecologic Studies | |
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| Cross-Sectional Studies | |
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| Case-Control Studies | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Study Designs: Cohort Studies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cohort Studies Defined | |
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| Sampling and Cohort Formation Options | |
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| Temporal Differences in Cohort Designs | |
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| Practical Considerations | |
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| Measures of Interpretation and Examples | |
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| Nested Case-Control Studies | |
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| Summary of Cohort Studies | |
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| Comparisons of Observational Designs | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Experimental Study Designs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hierarchy of Study Designs | |
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| Intervention Studies | |
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| Clinical Trials | |
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| Community Trials | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Measures of Effect | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Absolute Effects | |
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| Relative Effects | |
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| Statistical Measures of Effect | |
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| Evaluating Epidemiologic Associations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Cohort Study Data for Coffee Use and Anxiety | |
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| Data Interpretation Issues | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Validity of Study Designs | |
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| Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Research | |
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| Techniques to Reduce Bias | |
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| Methods To Control Confounding | |
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| Bias in Analysis and Publication | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Screening for Disease in the Community | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Screening for Disease | |
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| Appropriate Situations for Screening Tests and Programs | |
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| Characteristics of a Good Screening Test | |
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| Evaluation of Screening Tests | |
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| Sources of Unreliability and Invalidity | |
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| Measures of the Validity of Screening Tests | |
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| Effects of Prevalence of Disease on Screening Test Results | |
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| Relationship Between Sensitivity and Specificity | |
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| Evaluation of Screening Programs | |
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| Issues in the Classification of Morbidity and Mortality | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Data for Problem 6 | |
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| Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Agents of Infectious Disease | |
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| Characteristics of Infectious Disease Agents | |
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| Host | |
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| The Environment | |
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| Means of Transmission-Directly or Indirectly from Reservoir | |
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| Measures of Disease Outbreaks | |
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| Procedures Used in the Investigation of Infectious Disease Outbreaks | |
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| Epidemiologically Significant Infectious Diseases in the Community | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Data from a Foodborne Illness Outbreak in a College Cafeteria | |
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| Epidemiologic Aspects of Work and the Environment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Health Effects Associated with Environmental Hazards | |
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| Study Designs Used in Environmental Epidemiology | |
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| Toxicologic Concepts Related to Environmental Epidemiology | |
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| Types of Agents | |
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| Environmental Hazards Found in the Work Setting | |
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| Noteworthy Community Environmental Health Hazards | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definitions and Distinctions: Molecular Versus Genetic Epidemiology | |
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| Epidemiologic Evidence for Genetic Factors | |
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| Causes of Familial Aggregation | |
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| Shared Family Environment and Familial Aggregation | |
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| Gene Mapping: Segregation and Linkage Analysis | |
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| Application of Genes in Epidemiologic Designs | |
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| Genetics and Public Health | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Psychologic, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Research Designs Used in Psychologic, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology | |
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| The Social Context of Health | |
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| Independent Variables | |
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| Moderating Factors in the Stress-Illness Relationship | |
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| Outcome Variables: Physical Health, Mental Health, Affective States | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions and Exercises | |
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| Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research Article | |
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| Answers to Selected Study Questions | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |