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| Preface | |
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| Communication Disorders in the Schools: Background, Legal Issues, and Service Delivery Models | |
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| Background Information: The Communication Disorders Professional | |
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| Communication Disorders in the Schools: Caseload Issues | |
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| Legal Issues: Public Laws Affecting Students with Communication Disorders | |
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| The Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist in the School System | |
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| Service Delivery Models | |
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| The Role of the Classroom Teacher in Identification, Assessment, and Treatment | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Normal Aspects of Communication | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Communication | |
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| Language | |
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| Speech | |
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| Hearing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Development of Language and Phonology | |
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| Early Communicative Development: Gestures and Language | |
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| Early Development of the Language Framework | |
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| Communicative Refinement After the Early Multiword Period: Five Stages of Development | |
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| Development of Speech Sounds and Phonology | |
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| Phonological Awareness | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Phonological Disorders | |
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| Background Information | |
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| Assessment Issues in Phonological Disorders | |
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| Direct Treatment of Phonological Disorders | |
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| Indirect Treatment of Phonological Disorders | |
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| How Teachers Can Help with Indirect Treatment | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Children with Limited Language | |
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| Background Information | |
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| Assessment Issues | |
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| Direct and Indirect Treatment for Children with Limited Language | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Topics for Discussion | |
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| Creating Communicative Opportunities | |
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| Characteristics of a Good Language Model and Interaction | |
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| Suggestions by Lucas for Naturalistic Language Treatment | |
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| Incidental Teaching Suggestions | |
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| Language Stimulation Techniques | |
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| Incorporation of Language Goals in Classroom and Home Activities | |
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| Social Aspects Related to Communication | |
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| Cognitive Skills Related to Language Development | |
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| School-Age and Adolescent Language Disorders | |
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| Background Information | |
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| Assessment Issues | |
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| Direct and Indirect Treatment for Students with Language Impairment | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Topics for Discussion | |
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| Dialectal Differences: African-American English as a Case Example | |
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| The Difference-Deficit Issue | |
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| Ethnicity, Race, and First Language Community | |
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| Regional Variations | |
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| Social Class Variations | |
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| Peer Group Identification | |
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| Communicative Context | |
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| Dialectal Continua | |
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| Specific Differences Between African-American English and Standard English | |
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| The Effects of Dialectal Variation on the Student | |
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| How Can the Classroom Teacher Deal with the Dialect Issue? | |
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| Dialects, Teachers, and the Speech-Language Pathologist | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Topics for Discussion | |
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| Fluency Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Incidence and Prevalence of Stuttering | |
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| Causation and Development of Stuttering | |
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| Assessment Issues | |
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| Therapeutic Principles | |
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| Other Fluency Disorders | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Voice Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Voice Production and Voice Disorders | |
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| Causations of Common Vocal Disorders | |
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| Vocal Assessment Issues and Parameters of the Voice | |
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| Direct and Indirect Intervention Options | |
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| Suggestions for Teachers | |
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| Background Information on Students with Altered Methods of Breathing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Hearing Impairment | |
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| Background Information | |
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| Assessment Issues | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Suggestions for Teachers of Hearing-Impaired Students | |
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| Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) | |
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| Controversies | |
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| Support for the Classroom Teacher | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Cleft Lip/Palate and Related Craniofacial Syndromes | |
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| Background Information | |
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| Syndromes that Include Craniofacial Anomalies | |
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| Learning Problems in Children with Craniofacial Anomalies | |
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| Suggestions for Teachers | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Neurological Impairments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Neurological Problems | |
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| Students with Traumatic Brain Injury | |
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| Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Communication Disorders and Academic Success | |
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| Students with Language Problems: The High-Risk Groups | |
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| Curriculum and Teaching Impact on Students With Language Problems | |
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| Impact of Phonological Disorders | |
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| Impact of Hearing Impairment | |
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| References | |
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| Terms to Know | |
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| Index | |