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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Computer Ethics? | |
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| Is There Really a Need for Ethics in Computing? | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| References and Recommended Readings | |
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| Ethical Foundations | |
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| Ethical Decision Making | |
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| Making Moral Decisions | |
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| Views on the Nature of Reason | |
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| The Modern View of Reason | |
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| The Ancient View of Reason | |
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| Which View of Reason Is Correct? | |
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| Is Ethics Possible? | |
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| Some Bad Reasons for Saying Ethics Has No Basis | |
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| Some More Thoughtful Defenses of Ethical Skepticism | |
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| Coda | |
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| The Search for a Basis for Ethics | |
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| Ethical Egoism | |
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| Pleasure- and Pain-Based Theories of Ethics | |
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| Classical Utilitarianism | |
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| Updated Utilitarianism | |
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| Act Utilitarianism | |
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| Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| Intentions, Freedom, and Universality | |
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| Stoicism | |
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| The Theories of Immanuel Kant | |
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| Imperatives | |
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| Virtue Ethics | |
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| The Form of the Good | |
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| Plato and the Form of the Good | |
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| G.E. Moore and the Indefinability of the Good | |
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| Butchvarov and the Order of Goods | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Approaching Ethical Analysis | |
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| Ethics Applied to a Computerized World | |
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| Software Piracy, Property, and Protection | |
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| A Brief History of Hardware | |
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| A Brief History of Software | |
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| Euclidean Algorithm for Greatest Common Divisor | |
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| Software Piracy | |
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| What Is Software Piracy? | |
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| How Can Software Rights Be Protected? | |
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| Arguments for Private Property | |
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| Arguments against Private Property | |
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| Intellectual Property | |
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| Software Protection | |
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| Trade Secrets | |
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| Trademarks | |
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| Copyrights | |
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| Digital Millennium Copyright Act | |
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| Licensing and Copyprotection | |
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| Patents | |
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| The Opposition to Legal Protection of Software | |
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| What Is Reasonable and Fair? | |
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| New Issues Raised by the Internet | |
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| Computer Crime | |
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| Kinds of Computer Crime | |
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| Crimes against Computers | |
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| Damage to Computers | |
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| Crimes Using Computers | |
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| Embezzlement by Computer | |
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| Theft of Services | |
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| Theft of Information | |
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| Fraud | |
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| Organized ("Mob") Computer Crime | |
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| Counterfeiting | |
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| Computer Crime Victims | |
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| Computer Criminals | |
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| Computer Crime Stoppers | |
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| Failure to Report Computer Crimes | |
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| The European Cybercrime Treaty | |
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| Observations | |
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| Computer Intruders, Viruses, and All That | |
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| More Ways to Steal Using Computers | |
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| Thefts of Money | |
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| Roundoff Errors | |
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| The Salami Technique | |
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| Rounded-Down Bank Interest | |
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| Breaking In and Entering | |
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| Phreaking Then and Now | |
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| Tampering with Communication Signals | |
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| A "Hacker" by Any Other Name | |
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| The Original, "Good" Hackers | |
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| The New Breed of Destructive Hackers | |
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| Scanning | |
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| Cracking Passwords | |
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| Espionage | |
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| Other Methods of Illegal Access | |
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| Potentially Destructive Activities | |
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| Vengeance Is the Computer's | |
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| Trojan Horse | |
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| The Christmas Tree Trojan Horse | |
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| The Cookie Monster | |
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| The "Twelve Tricks Trojan" Horse | |
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| The AIDS Virus (Trojan Horse) | |
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| The Burleson Blackmail | |
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| Other "Bombs" | |
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| Worms | |
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| More and More Worms | |
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| Virus | |
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| Brain Virus | |
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| Lehigh Virus | |
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| The Israeli Virus | |
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| The Malta Disk Destroyer | |
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| The Ping-Pong Virus | |
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| The Datacrime Virus | |
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| The Bulgarian Dark Avenger | |
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| The Michelangelo Virus | |
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| Macintosh Viruses | |
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| The Health-Care Plan Virus | |
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| Operation Moon Angel | |
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| Kevin Mitnick | |
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| Melissa Virus | |
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| Chernobyl Virus | |
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| The Love Bug | |
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| Viruses Make It to the Big Screen | |
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| Misuse of the (Electronic) Mail | |
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| Is Hacking Moral, Value-Neutral, or Bad? | |
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| Hacking as Civil Disobedience | |
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| The Sorcerer's Apprentice | |
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| What Is to Be Done? | |
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| Privacy | |
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| Why Is Privacy of Value? | |
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| "I'll Be Watching You" | |
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| Some Noteworthy Violations of Privacy Involving Computers | |
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| A National Computerized Criminal History System? | |
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| The FBI Wiretap Law | |
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| The Clipper Chip Proposal | |
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| Computerized Credit | |
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| Caller ID | |
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| Computer Matching | |
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| How the Internet Complicates Privacy Considerations | |
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| Cookies | |
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| Communications Decency Act (CDA) and CDA II (COPA) | |
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| Carnivore | |
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| The Worst Scenario | |
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| What Protections Are There for Privacy? | |
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| Warren and Brandeis Make a Case for Privacy | |
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| Existing Privacy Legislation | |
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| The Importance of Privacy | |
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| Errors and Reliability | |
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| Errors | |
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| Some Noteworthy Computer-Related Errors | |
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| Defense | |
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| Space Exploration | |
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| Commercial Airlines | |
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| Medical Risks | |
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| Robot Errors and Robots as Threats | |
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| Nuclear Energy Threats | |
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| Computerized Translation | |
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| Mistaken Identities | |
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| Billing and Record-Keeping Errors | |
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| Automatic Payments | |
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| More "Dead Souls in the Computer" | |
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| Military Dangers | |
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| "Surplus" Computers Sold with Sensitive Information Still in Them | |
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| Miscellaneous Computer-Related Errors | |
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| Two More Software Fiascos | |
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| Y2K Bugs | |
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| Follow-up | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Program Verification | |
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| Software Engineering | |
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| Program Testing | |
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| Structured Walkthroughs | |
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| When All Is Said and Done | |
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| Observation | |
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| The Computer World of Work | |
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| The Control Revolution | |
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| Evolution of Systems | |
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| Three Functions of DNA | |
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| The Industrial Revolution Crisis of Control | |
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| Data Processing and an Information Bureaucracy | |
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| Information Theory and Communication | |
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| Levels of Problems in Communication | |
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| The Information Workplace | |
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| Loss of Jobs, or Just Relocation? | |
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| The End of Work? | |
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| "Technostress"? | |
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| "Technomalady"? | |
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| Job Monitoring | |
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| Women in the Computer Workplace | |
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| Does Gender Matter in Computing? | |
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| Increased Access for Disabled Workers | |
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| Telecommuting | |
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| Changing Job Panorama | |
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| Employees and Employers | |
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| Loyalty | |
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| Whistle-Blowing | |
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| Who Owns Your Ideas? | |
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| Responsibility, Liability, Law, and Professional Ethics | |
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| Responsibility | |
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| Liability | |
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| Computers and the Law | |
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| Professional Ethics | |
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| Professional Codes of Ethics | |
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| What About Microsoft? | |
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| Are Science and Technology Morally Neutral? | |
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| Computers, the Government, and the Military | |
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| Information and Power | |
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| Big Government | |
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| Record-Keeping and Surveillance | |
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| Government Applications of Computers | |
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| The National Security Agency | |
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| Other Agency Restrictions on Freedoms | |
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| Blame the Computer! | |
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| Big Business Influences Big Government | |
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| Environmental Impact of Computers | |
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| Centralization Versus Decentralization of the Government | |
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| The Information Superhighway | |
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| Goals | |
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| A Comparison of Concrete and Electronic Highways | |
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| The Vision of the Government for NII | |
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| Manufacturing and Commerce | |
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| Health Care | |
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| Education | |
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| Environment | |
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| Libraries | |
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| Some Dissenting Voices | |
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| Nuclear Threats | |
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| Computers and Nuclear Power | |
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| Computers and the Military | |
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| Simulations | |
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| "War Games" | |
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| False Alarms | |
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| "Star Wars" by Any Other Name | |
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| The Artificial Intelligensia and Virtual Worlds | |
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| Artificial Intelligence--Some General Background | |
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| Expert Systems | |
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| Game-Playing | |
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| Theorem-Proving | |
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| The Turing Test | |
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| The Imitation Game | |
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| Objections | |
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| ELIZA | |
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| The Chinese Room | |
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| Artificial Intelligence and Ethics | |
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| Consciousness | |
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| Kurzweil's "Age of Spiritual Machines" | |
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| Hawking's Perspective | |
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| The Eco-Computer | |
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| Cybersex | |
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| Virtual Worlds | |
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| Virtual Reality | |
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| Appendix A | |
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| Paper #1--Computer Ethics | |
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| Computer Ethics Term Paper Topics | |
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| Directions for Students | |
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| Appendix B | |
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| ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct | |
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| General Moral Imperatives | |
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| More Specific Professional Responsibilities | |
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| Organizational Leadership Imperatives | |
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| Compliance with the Code | |
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| Appendix C | |
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| IEEE Code of Ethics | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |