| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to SPSS | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is SPSS? | |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of SPSS | |
| |
| |
| SPSS as a High-Level Programming Language | |
| |
| |
| SPSS as a Statistical Analysis Package | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interacting With SPSS | |
| |
| |
| The SPSS Session | |
| |
| |
| SPSS Windows | |
| |
| |
| Basics About SPSS Commands | |
| |
| |
| Order of Execution of SPSS Commands | |
| |
| |
| Batch Mode and Interactive Mode | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Files in SPSS | |
| |
| |
| The Command or Syntax Files | |
| |
| |
| The Active or Working Data File | |
| |
| |
| The Output Files | |
| |
| |
| The Journal Files | |
| |
| |
| |
| Customizing the SPSS Environment | |
| |
| |
| Displaying Current Settings | |
| |
| |
| Changing Current Settings | |
| |
| |
| Eliminating Page Breaks | |
| |
| |
| Increasing Memory Allocation | |
| |
| |
| Changing the Default Format for Numeric Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Computer Programming With SPSS | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Computer Programming | |
| |
| |
| Using Syntax Versus the Menu System | |
| |
| |
| The Process of Writing and Testing Syntax | |
| |
| |
| Typographical Conventions Used in This Book | |
| |
| |
| How Code and Output Are Presented in This Book | |
| |
| |
| Some Reasons to Use Syntax | |
| |
| |
| Beginning to Learn Syntax | |
| |
| |
| Programming Style | |
| |
| |
| |
| Programming Errors | |
| |
| |
| Syntax Errors and Logical Errors | |
| |
| |
| The Debugging Process | |
| |
| |
| Common SPSS Syntax Errors | |
| |
| |
| Finding Logical Errors | |
| |
| |
| Changing Default Error and Warning Settings | |
| |
| |
| Deciphering SPSS Error and Warning Messages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Documenting Syntax, Data, and Output Files | |
| |
| |
| Using Comments in SPSS Programs | |
| |
| |
| Using Comments to Prevent Code From Executing | |
| |
| |
| Documenting a Data File | |
| |
| |
| Echoing Text in the Output File | |
| |
| |
| Using Titles and Subtitles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading and Writing Data Files in SPSS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading Raw Data in SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Reading Inline Data | |
| |
| |
| Reading External Data | |
| |
| |
| The FIXED, FREE, and LIST Formats | |
| |
| |
| Specifying the Delimiter Symbol | |
| |
| |
| Reading Aggregated Data With DATA LIST | |
| |
| |
| Reading Data With Multiple Records Per Case | |
| |
| |
| Using FORTRAN-Like Variable Specifications | |
| |
| |
| Two Shortcuts for Declaring Variables With Identical Formats | |
| |
| |
| Specifying Decimal Values in Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading SPSS System and Portable Files | |
| |
| |
| Reading an SPSS System File | |
| |
| |
| Reading an SPSS Portable File | |
| |
| |
| Dropping, Reordering, and Renaming Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading Data Files Created by Other Programs | |
| |
| |
| Reading Microsoft Excel Files | |
| |
| |
| Reading Data From Earlier Versions of Excel | |
| |
| |
| Reading Data From Later Versions of Excel | |
| |
| |
| Using GET TRANSLATE to Read Other Types of Files | |
| |
| |
| Reading Data From Database Programs | |
| |
| |
| Reading SAS Data Files | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading Complex Data Files | |
| |
| |
| Reading Mixed Data Files | |
| |
| |
| Reading Grouped Data Files | |
| |
| |
| Reading Nested Data Files | |
| |
| |
| Reading Data in Matrix Format | |
| |
| |
| |
| Saving Data Files | |
| |
| |
| Saving an SPSS System File | |
| |
| |
| Saving an SPSS Portable Data File | |
| |
| |
| Saving a Data File for Use by Other Programs | |
| |
| |
| Saving Text Files | |
| |
| |
| |
| File Manipulation and Management in SPSS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspecting a Data File | |
| |
| |
| Determining the Number of Cases in a File | |
| |
| |
| Determining What Variables Are in a File | |
| |
| |
| Getting More Information About the Variables | |
| |
| |
| Checking for Duplicate Cases | |
| |
| |
| Looking at Variable Values and Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Creating Standardized Scores | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combining Data Files | |
| |
| |
| Adding New Variables to Existing Cases | |
| |
| |
| Adding Summary Data to an Individual-Level File | |
| |
| |
| Combining Cases From Several Files | |
| |
| |
| Updating Values in a File | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data File Management | |
| |
| |
| Reordering and Dropping Variables in the Active File | |
| |
| |
| Eliminating Duplicate Records | |
| |
| |
| Sorting a Data Set | |
| |
| |
| Splitting a Data Set | |
| |
| |
| Selecting Cases | |
| |
| |
| Filtering Cases | |
| |
| |
| Weighting Cases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restructuring Files | |
| |
| |
| The Unit of Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Changing File Structure From Univariate to Multivariate | |
| |
| |
| Incorporating a Test Condition When Restructuring a File | |
| |
| |
| Changing File Structure From Multivariate to Univariate | |
| |
| |
| Transposing the Rows and Columns of a Data Set | |
| |
| |
| |
| Missing Data in SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Types of Missing Data | |
| |
| |
| System-Missing and User-Missing Data | |
| |
| |
| Looking at Missing Data on Individual Variables | |
| |
| |
| Looking at the Pattern of User-Missing Data Among Pairs of Variables | |
| |
| |
| Looking at the Pattern of Missing Data Across Many Variables | |
| |
| |
| Changing the Value of Blanks in Numeric Fields | |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Missing Values in SPSS Commands | |
| |
| |
| Substituting Values for Missing Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using Random Processes in SPSS | |
| |
| |
| The Random-Number Seed | |
| |
| |
| Generating Random Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Random Selection of Cases | |
| |
| |
| Random Group Assignment | |
| |
| |
| Random Selection From Multiple Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variables and Variable Manipulations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variables and Variable Formats | |
| |
| |
| String and Numeric Variables | |
| |
| |
| System Variables | |
| |
| |
| Scratch Variables | |
| |
| |
| Input and Output Formats | |
| |
| |
| The NUMBER Format | |
| |
| |
| The COMMA, DOT, DOLLAR, and PCT Formats | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variable and Value Labels | |
| |
| |
| Rules About Variable Names in SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Systems for Naming Variables | |
| |
| |
| Adding Variable Labels | |
| |
| |
| Adding Value Labels | |
| |
| |
| Controlling Whether Labels Are Displayed in Tables | |
| |
| |
| Applying the Data Dictionary From a Previous Data Set | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recoding and Creating Variables | |
| |
| |
| The IF Statement | |
| |
| |
| Relational Operators | |
| |
| |
| Logical Variables | |
| |
| |
| Logical Operators | |
| |
| |
| Creating Dummy Variables | |
| |
| |
| The RECODE and AUTORECODE Commands | |
| |
| |
| Converting Variables From Numeric to String or String to Numeric | |
| |
| |
| Counting Occurrences of Values Across Variables | |
| |
| |
| Counting the Occurrence of Multiple Values in One Variable | |
| |
| |
| Creating a Cumulative Variable | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numeric Operations and Functions | |
| |
| |
| Arithmetic Operations | |
| |
| |
| Mathematical and Statistical Functions | |
| |
| |
| Missing Values in Numeric Operations and Functions | |
| |
| |
| Domain Errors | |
| |
| |
| A Substring-Like Technique for Numeric Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| String Functions | |
| |
| |
| The Substring Function | |
| |
| |
| Concatenation | |
| |
| |
| Searching for Characters Within a String Variable | |
| |
| |
| Adding or Removing Leading or Trailing Characters | |
| |
| |
| Finding Character Strings Identified by Delimiters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Date and Time Variables | |
| |
| |
| How Date and Time Variables Are Stored in SPSS | |
| |
| |
| An Overview of SPSS Date Formats | |
| |
| |
| Reading Dates With Two-Digit Years in the Correct Century | |
| |
| |
| Creating Date Variables With Syntax | |
| |
| |
| Creating Date Variables From String Variables | |
| |
| |
| Extracting Part of a Date Variable | |
| |
| |
| Doing Arithmetic With Date Variables | |
| |
| |
| Creating a Variable Holding Today's Date | |
| |
| |
| Designating Missing Values for Date Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Topics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Automating Tasks Within Your Program | |
| |
| |
| Vectors | |
| |
| |
| The DO IF Command Structure | |
| |
| |
| The DO REPEAT Command Structure | |
| |
| |
| The LOOP Command Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Brief Introduction to the SPSS Macro Language | |
| |
| |
| The Parts of a Macro | |
| |
| |
| Macros Without Arguments | |
| |
| |
| Macros With Arguments | |
| |
| |
| Specifying Arguments by Position | |
| |
| |
| Macros Using a Flexible Number of Variables | |
| |
| |
| Controlling the Macro Language Environment | |
| |
| |
| Sources of Further Information About SPSS Macros | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resources for Learning More About SPSS Syntax | |
| |
| |
| Books | |
| |
| |
| Web Pages | |
| |
| |
| Mailing Lists | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| About the Author | |