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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction to Statistics | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Subjects | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Mean Score | |
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| Median | |
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| Mode | |
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| Appropriate use of Central Tendency | |
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| What is data? | |
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| Normal Distribution of Data | |
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| Skewed Distribution of Data | |
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| Variability | |
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| Range | |
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| Quartile Deviation | |
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| Variance and Standard Deviation | |
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| Normal Distribution | |
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| Standard Scores | |
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| Z Scores | |
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| Z Scores Table | |
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| T Scores | |
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| Stanines | |
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| Percentile and Percentile Rank | |
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| Grade Equivalence | |
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| Age Equivalence | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Correlation, Reliability and Validity Correlation | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Scattergram | |
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| Interpretation of r | |
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| r[superscript 2] | |
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| Rho | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Methods for Estimating Reliability | |
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| Test-Retest | |
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| Equivalent Form | |
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| Internal Consistency | |
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| Aspects that Affect Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Face Validity | |
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| Content Validity | |
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| Concurrent Validity | |
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| Predictive Validity | |
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| Construct Validity | |
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| Usefulness of Validity | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| The Meaning of Statistical Significance | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Hypothesis | |
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| Error | |
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| Error | |
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| One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests | |
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| Tests of Significance | |
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| t-tests | |
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| How to Use a t-Table | |
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| Chi Square (X [superscript 2]) | |
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| How to Use a X[superscript 2] Table | |
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| F-Tests | |
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| How to Use an F-Table | |
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| Similarities and Differences between the F-test and the t-test | |
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| How to Use a Table to determine if r is Significant | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Introduction to the Concept of Interaction | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Definition of Interaction | |
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| Example of Plotting Interaction Data | |
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| What Can be Interpreted When There is Significant Interaction | |
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| Ordinal and Disordinal Interaction | |
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| Plotting Interaction for Three Treatments Across Gender | |
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| Dotted and Solid Lines | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Introduction to Factorial Design and Its Interpretation | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Purpose of Research Design | |
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| One-way Analysis of Variance Design | |
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| Example of a 2 x 2 Factorial Design | |
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| Calculating Degrees of Freedom | |
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| Example of a 2 x 3 Factorial Design | |
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| Example of a 2 x 2 x 2 Factorial Design | |
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| Important Considerations | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Introduction to Research Design: Internal & External Validity | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Pre-Experimental Designs | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Ex Post Facto Research | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Discussions on Research Designs | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The One Shot Case Study | |
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| The Pre-test, Post-test Case Study | |
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| The Simulated Before-After Design | |
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| Two Groups - Non-Equivalence | |
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| Experimental Control, Pre- and Post- test Design | |
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| The Longitudinal Time Design | |
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| Experimental and Control Groups Randomized Subjects | |
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| Experimental and Control Groups Matched Subjects | |
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| Before and After, with Control Groups | |
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| The Solomon | |
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| Type VI Error: Inconsistency Between the Statistical Procedure and the Research Question | |
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| Suggested Approach for Conducting Research | |
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| In Retrospect | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Two Method of Estimating a Study's Replicability | |
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| Statistically Significant Exact Replications of a Study | |
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| Replication in a Different System | |
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| Implications | |
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| References | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Table of Tests of Significance | |
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| Computation of Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Computation of Chi Square (X[superscript 2]) | |
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| Computation of an Independent t-Test | |
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| Computation of a Dependent t-Test | |
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| Computation of a One-Way Analysis of Variance | |
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| Computation of a 3 x 3 Factorial Analysis | |
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| Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a Correlational Problem | |
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| Example of an SAS Computer Setup for an Independent t-Test | |
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| Example of an SAS Computer Setup for an ANOVA | |
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| Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a 3 x 3 Factorial Analysis | |
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| Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a Chi Square | |
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| Example of a SAS Computer Setup for a Descriptive Program on Frequencies | |
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| Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Correlational Problem | |
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| Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Chi Square | |
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| Example of and SPSSX Computer Setup for a Dependent t-Test | |
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| Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Two-Way (3x3) Analysis of Variance | |
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| Example of Corrections of Multiple | |
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| SPSS Analysis of the One-Way ANOVA Example in Appendix F | |
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| SPSS Analysis of the Two-Way ANOVA Example in Appendix G | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |