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| Preface | |
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| The Would be Translator's Basic Terminology | |
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| Preliminary Remarks: Linguistics and Metalinguistics | |
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| Translation Units | |
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| What are T.U.s and what is their use? | |
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| Lexical T.U.s | |
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| Grammatical T.U.s | |
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| Extended T.U.s | |
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| Delineation of T.U.s | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Words in Context | |
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| Polysemy: Words and their semantic range | |
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| Literal vs. figurative meaning | |
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| Language levels | |
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| Gender problems | |
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| Dictionaries and thesauri | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Deceptive Cognates | |
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| Faux amis | |
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| Cognates and deceptive cognates | |
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| Partial faux amis | |
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| Unrelated similar looking words | |
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| List of common deceptive cognates | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Translation Devices | |
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| What strategies do translators have at their disposal? | |
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| Sample chart | |
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| Borrowings | |
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| What is a borrowing and what is its purpose? | |
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| French and English: a history of mutual borrowing | |
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| Lexical fields of borrowing | |
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| Creative borrowing | |
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| Unnecessary borrowing | |
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| Use of borrowings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Calques | |
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| What is a calque? | |
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| Semantic and structural calques | |
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| Calques and neologisms | |
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| Calques and acronyms | |
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| Calque vs. borrowing | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Literal Translation and Structural Obstacles to Literal translation | |
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| What is a literal translation? | |
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| Structural obstacles to literal translation | |
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| Differences in word order | |
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| Ellipses | |
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| Gallicisms and Anglicisms | |
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| Special problems with verb tenses | |
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| Problems with French pronominal verbs | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Transposition | |
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| What is transposition? | |
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| Some examples of necessary transpositions | |
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| Examples of optional transpositions | |
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| Noun-verb transpositions | |
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| Transpositions with postpositional adverbs | |
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| Cross transposition | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Modulation | |
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| What is modulation? | |
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| Word modulations | |
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| Preposition modulations | |
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| Message modulations | |
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| Necessary and optional modulations | |
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| Modulation and transposition | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Equivalence | |
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| What is equivalence? | |
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| Exclamations and reflex formulas | |
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| Prop words | |
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| Greetings and letter closings | |
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| Cliches and idioms | |
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| Slang and slang expressions | |
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| Proverbs and axioms | |
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| Official signs and warnings | |
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| References to a common socio-cultural heritage | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| What is adaptation? | |
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| Linguistic deficiency and compensation | |
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| Adaptation in traditions, usages and institutions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Applying Translators' Devices to Literary Texts | |
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| Transposition | |
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| Modulation | |
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| Equivalence | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| General Exercises | |
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| Translating Titles | |
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| General advice | |
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| Translation devices applied to the translation of titles | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Guidelines for the Translation of Literary Prose | |
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| Sticking to the text vs. demonstrating originality | |
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| What are the basic guidelines to follow for a successful translation? | |
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| Working method | |
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| Text samples, guiding notes and suggested translations | |
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| Guidelines for the Translation of Dialogues and Plays | |
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| Problems specific to the translation of dialogues and plays | |
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| Equivalence as the preferred translating device for dialogues | |
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| Use of a specific vocabulary | |
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| Text samples, guiding notes and suggested translations | |
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| Guidelines for the Translation of Poetry | |
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| Poetry translation: a difficult but creative enterprise | |
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| Is poetry translation the reserved domain of poets? | |
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| The different levels of poetry translation | |
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| How to proceed with the translation of a poem | |
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| Basic rules of French prosody | |
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| Poem samples and suggested translations | |
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| Guidelines for the Translation of Non-Literary Texts | |
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| Content vs. style | |
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| Non-literary and specialty languages | |
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| Taking liberties with sentence structure | |
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| Improving on the original | |
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| Conventions in newspapers and magazines | |
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| Cultural references in newspapers and magazines | |
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| Sample of newspaper and magazine articles, guiding notes and suggested translations | |
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| Guidelines for the Translation of Ads | |
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| Ads and cultural references | |
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| Advice for the translation of ads | |
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| A sampler of ad translations | |
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| The Translator's Tools | |
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| Dictionaries, specialized dictionaries, books on translation studies | |
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| Index | |