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| List of Tables and Figures | |
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| List of Examples | |
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| Introduction to the Ethnographer's Toolkit | |
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| Essential Data Collection | |
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| What Is Essential Data Collection? | |
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| Why Are Research Questions Required to Guide Essential Data Collection? | |
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| The Value of Research Modeling Based on Research Questions and Prior Knowledge | |
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| Basic Skills Required in Essential Data Collection | |
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| Establishing Professional Boundaries: Intimacy and Relationships in Face-to-Face Data Collection | |
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| Summary: Challenges in Collecting Observational and Interview Data in Person | |
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| Defining and Entering the Field | |
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| Fieldwork and the Field | |
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| The Ethnographer as Self-Reflective Tool for Inquiry | |
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| Establishing Relationships to Facilitate Entry | |
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| Steps in Entering a Research Setting | |
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| Recording and Organizing Ethnographic Field Data: Field Notes, Interviews, Drawings, Visual Documentation, and Survey Data | |
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| What Are Field Notes, and Why Are They Important? | |
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| Recording Field Notes | |
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| Writing Up Field Notes | |
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| Making Decisions about What to Write | |
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| Organizing and Managing Ethnographic Data While in the Field | |
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| Storing Quantitative Data for Subsequent Analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Participant Observation and Informal Interviewing in the Field | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Differences between Participant Observation and Nonparticipant Observation | |
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| Observation from a Distance | |
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| Deciding Where and What to Observe | |
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| Deciding When to Observe | |
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| Informal Interviewing in the Field | |
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| Tips on Recording Observations and Informal Interviews | |
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| Dynamics and Challenges in Field Observation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Methods for Collecting Exploratory Data | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Social and Other Forms of Mapping | |
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| Eliciting Information through Objects, Drawings, Materials, and Photographs | |
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| Timelines | |
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| Organizational Charts | |
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| Summary | |
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| In-depth, Open-ended Exploratory Interviewing | |
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| Introduction and Definitions | |
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| Purposes of In-depth, Exploratory, Open-ended Interviewing | |
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| Selecting and Sampling: When and Whom to Interview | |
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| Preparing for the Interview | |
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| Starting an Unstructured Exploratory Interview | |
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| Structuring Open-ended Interviews | |
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| Self-management during Interviewing | |
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| Recording Research Interviews | |
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| Summary | |
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| Semistructured Interviews and Observations | |
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| What Are Semistructured Forms of Data Collection? | |
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| Conducting Semistructured Interviews | |
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| Constructing a Semistructured Interview Schedule | |
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| Analysis of Semistructured Interview Data | |
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| Conducting Semistructured Observations | |
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| Sampling in Semistructured Data Collection | |
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| Identifying and Resolving Challenges in Semistructured Data Collection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Focus Group Interviews | |
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| What Is a Group Interview? | |
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| Formal Focus Group Interviews | |
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| Organizing and Preparing for Formal Focus Group Interviews | |
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| Creating a Representative Sample for a Focus Group | |
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| Identifying and Training Focus Group Facilitators | |
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| Conducting a Focus Group Interview | |
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| Asking Questions in Focus Group Interviews | |
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| Characteristics of Good Focus Group Questions | |
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| Recording Data from Focus Group Interviews | |
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| Videotaping | |
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| Validity and Reliability in Research with Focus Groups | |
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| Management and Analysis of Focus Group Interviews | |
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| Advantages, Uses, and Limitations of Focus Group Interviews | |
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| Structured Approaches to Ethnographic Data Collection: Surveys | |
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| The Role of Structured Data Collection | |
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| Defining Ethnographic Surveys | |
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| Steps in the Construction of the Ethnographic Survey | |
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| Administration of Ethnographic Interviews | |
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| Analysis of Quantitative Data | |
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| Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Data: Triangulation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sampling in Ethnographic Research | |
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| Approaches to Selection in Ethnographic Research | |
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| Approaches to Sampling to Approximate or Achieve Representativeness of a Population in Ethnographic Research | |
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| Requirements for and Cautions about the Use of Samples | |
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| Summary | |
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| Defining and Evaluating Quality in Ethnographic Research | |
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| Introduction: What Is Research Quality? | |
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| Reliability, Validity, Objectivity, and Subjectivity | |
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| The Positivist Critique of Ethnography | |
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| Why Ethnographic Characteristics Fit Poorly with Positivistic Canons for Research Quality | |
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| Validity | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors and Artists | |