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| List of Tables and Figures | |
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| List of Examples | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Ethnography? | |
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| Ethnography as Science | |
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| The Historical Evolution of Ethnographic Methods | |
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| Ethnography for Problem Identification and Solving | |
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| Characteristics of Ethnography | |
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| What Is Culture? Differentiating the Individual from the Cultural | |
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| A Note on Ethnicity, Culture, and Race | |
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| Power, Situatedness, and Positionality | |
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| The Impact of Cultural Politics on Identity and Research | |
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| When, Where, and By Whom Should Ethnography Be Used? | |
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| Situations Requiring Ethnographic Research | |
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| Settings Appropriate for Ethnographic Research | |
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| Who Should Do Ethnographic Research? | |
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| Important Personality and Stylistic Requisites for Ethnographers | |
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| Paradigms for Framing the Conduct of Ethnographic Research | |
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| Multiple Perspectives: A Cultural Way of Doing Research | |
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| What Are Research Paradigms? | |
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| The Positivist Paradigm | |
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| The Critical Paradigm | |
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| Interpretive Paradigms: Meaning-Making in Interactional Contexts | |
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| The Ecological Paradigm | |
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| The Social Network Paradigm | |
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| A Paradigmatic Synthesis | |
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| Summary | |
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| An Overview of Research Design | |
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| Research Design: A Blueprint for Action | |
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| Research Designs in Social Science Research | |
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| Quantitative Designs | |
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| Qualitative Designs | |
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| Rapid or Compressed Research | |
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| Mixing Designs: Integrating Quantitative and Experimental with Qualitative Research Designs | |
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| Choosing and Designing an Ethnographic Research Project | |
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| Where Do Research Questions Come From? | |
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| Deciding What to Investigate: Transforming Research Purposes into the Elements of a Research Design | |
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| Putting Together the Elements of a Research Design | |
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| Elaborating Research Questions | |
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| What Are Data? | |
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| The Processes of Operationalization and Research Modeling | |
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| Conceptualizing Research Models and Conceptual Modeling | |
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| Identifying Populations and Study Sites | |
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| Strategies for Selection of Sampling and Units for Study | |
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| Collecting Ethnographic Data | |
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| Techniques for Collecting Multiple Types of Data | |
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| Resources and Logistics: How Ethnographers Allocate Time, Money, and Staff | |
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| Creating Planning Documents and Timelines | |
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| Summary | |
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| Data Analysis: How Ethnographers Make Sense of Their Data | |
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| Analysis as Both a Cognitive Process and a Technical Procedure | |
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| "Chunking" Data into Large Conceptual Categories or "Bins" | |
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| Defining Terms: Operational and Conceptual Levels of Analysis | |
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| Finding Initial Themes or Regularities | |
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| The Item Level of Analysis: Isolating Empirical "Bits" from Streams of Data | |
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| The Pattern Level of Analysis: Aggregating Similar or Related Items into Groups | |
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| The Structural Level of Analysis: Assembling Multiple Patterns into Structures or Local Theories Informed by Conceptual Domains | |
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| Seeking Complex Relationships across Domains and Structures by Using Multiple Levels and Sources of Data | |
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| Interpreting the Results: Figuring Out What the Story Means | |
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| Levels of Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Identifying and Building Research Teams and Research Partnerships | |
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| Building and Conducting Ethnographic Team Research | |
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| Building Interdisciplinary Community Research Partnerships | |
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| Challenges and Rewards in Ethnographic Teamwork and Interdisciplinary Intersectoral Collaborations | |
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| Applying Ethnography | |
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| Introduction to Applying Ethnography | |
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| Products of Ethnography | |
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| Informing Public Audiences: Dissemination | |
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| Developing Interventions: Formative Research | |
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| Improving Quantitative Instruments | |
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| Influencing Teacher/Educator Practice | |
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| Democratizing Ethnography through Participatory Action Research | |
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| Improving Process and Outcome Evaluations | |
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| Influencing Policy | |
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| Supporting Advocacy | |
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| Contributing to Science | |
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| Summary | |
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| Protection of Risk to Human Subjects and the Ethics of Ethnographic Fieldwork | |
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| A Brief History of Concern for the Ethical Treatment of Research Participants | |
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| Ethics and the Individual Researcher | |
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| Ethics and Institutional Issues | |
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| The Special Concerns and Ethical Responsibilities of Ethnographers | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |