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Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Anthropology and Religion | |
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Words and Things | |
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Is Religion a Human Universal? | |
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The Meaning of Religion | |
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Tylor's Definition | |
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Do All Peoples Distinguish between "Natural" and "Supernatural"? | |
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The Durkheimian Approach | |
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The Anthropology of Religion | |
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Types of Anthropological Studies of Religion | |
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Types of Religion | |
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Prehistoric Religion | |
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Ancient Religions | |
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Indigenous Religions of Small-Scale Societies | |
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The World Religions | |
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Religions versus Religion | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Religion Here and There | |
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Religion Is Primarily a Matter of Belief or Faith | |
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Religion and Identity: One at a Time | |
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Religion Is a Separate Realm of Life | |
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Religion Is Associated with a Special Building | |
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Religion Concerns Transcendental Rather Than Practical Matters | |
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Practical Religion among Latin American Immigrants in Los Angeles | |
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Religion Is the Basis of Morality | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Religion, Evolution, and Prehistory | |
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The Bio-Evolution of Religion | |
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When Did Religion Develop? | |
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Neanderthal Burials, Ritual Cannibalism, and Cave Bear Cults | |
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Religion in the Upper Paleolithic in Southwestern Europe | |
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The Origin of Religion: How It Began | |
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Psychological and Sociological Theories | |
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Altered States of Consciousness Explanations | |
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Ritual as the Origin of Religion | |
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The Nature of Early Religion | |
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Has Religion Evolved? | |
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The Evolution of Belief | |
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Religion and Society | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Religion, Adaptation, and the Environment | |
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Ecological Functionalism: Naskapi Hunting Divination | |
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Religion as a Regulator of Ecological Processes | |
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Ritual as a Thermostat | |
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Balinese Temples as Regulators of Irrigation Systems | |
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Cultural Materialist Explanations of Seemingly Maladaptive Ritual Practices (Or, Solving the Riddles of Culture) | |
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Ceremonies Can Help Populations Adapt to Available Resources: The Potlatch | |
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Pig Hate and Pig Love | |
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The Pig and the Spread of Islam into Southeast Asia | |
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Religion and Environmentalism | |
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Religion Promotes Sound Environmental Practices | |
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Religious Beliefs and Practices That Do Not Support Good Environmental Practices | |
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Religion and the Ecological Indian | |
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Religion and the Decline and Collapse of Societies | |
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The Problem of Reaching Conclusions about Religion and Adaptation | |
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Note | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Natural Symbols | |
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What Are Natural Symbols? | |
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Animals | |
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Why Animals Are Important as Symbols | |
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Snakes | |
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Birds | |
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Colors | |
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Lateral Symbolism: Left- and Right-Handedness | |
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Percussion Sounds | |
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The Head and Its Parts | |
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Hair | |
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The Skull, Head-Hunting, and Scalping | |
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The Eye | |
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Natural Symbols and Natural Religion | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Myth and Ritual, Old and New | |
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What More Exactly Is Myth? | |
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Theories, Approaches, and Explanations of Myth | |
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William Robertson Smith and Myth-Ritualism | |
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Levi-Strauss and the Structural Study of Myth | |
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The Protagonists of Myth | |
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The Hero | |
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The Trickster | |
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Trickster Animals in Japan | |
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Myth and Gender | |
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Contemporary Urban Myth | |
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Rumor Myths | |
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Government Head-Hunting and Construction Sacrifice | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Ritual and Belief | |
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The Nature of Ritual | |
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Religious Ritual | |
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Positive and Negative Dimensions of Ritual | |
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Some Common Features of Religious Ritual Activity | |
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Elementary Ritual Actions | |
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More Complex Ritual Activity | |
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Some Common Types of Ritual | |
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Ritual and Time | |
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The Structure of Ritual According to Arnold van Gennep | |
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Journeys and Boundaries | |
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Pilgrimage | |
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Rites of Passage | |
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Pregnancy and Childbirth | |
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Coming-of-Age and Marriage | |
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Mortuary Ritual | |
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Notions of the Soul and the Afterlife | |
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Bad Death | |
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Funerals as Rites of Passage | |
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Two-Stage Mortuary Practices | |
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Two-Stage Mortuary Practices in the Central Highlands of Vietnam | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Witchcraft and Sorcery: Past and Present, Far and Near | |
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Traditional Witchcraft and Sorcery in Small-Scale Societies | |
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Bird Flu and Witchcraft in Contemporary Cambodia | |
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The Azande and Other African Groups | |
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The Navajo | |
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Witchcraft in Melanesia and Southeast Asia | |
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Witchcraft in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe | |
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Organized Witchcraft Did Not Exist | |
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Witchcraft Was Actually Class Struggle | |
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Witchcraft Was Pre-Christian Religion | |
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Witchcraft Beliefs, Experiences, and Hallucinations | |
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Modern Witchcraft or Neo-Paganism | |
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Modern English Witchcraft | |
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Modern American Witchcraft | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Spirit Possession, Spirit Mediumship, and Shamanism | |
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Spirit Possession and Spirit Mediumship | |
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Spirit Mediumship or Voluntary Possession | |
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Involuntary Spirit Possession as Psychopathology and Spirit Mediumship as Psychotherapy | |
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Involuntary Spirit Possession as Protest and Empowerment | |
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Spirit Possession among Malay Schoolgirls and Factory Workers in Malaysia | |
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Shamanism | |
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The Work and Influence of Mircea Eliade | |
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Defining Shamanism Broadly or Narrowly | |
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The Basic Features of Shamanism | |
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The Occurrence of Shamanism | |
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Shamanism, Modes of Adaptation, and Levels of Social, Political, and Religious Organization and Gender | |
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Shamanism as a Paleolithic Religion | |
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Shamania: The Controversy over Prehistoric Art and Shamanism | |
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Neo-Shamanism: Carlos Castaneda and Michael Harner | |
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Carlos Castaneda and Don Juan | |
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Michael Harner and the Foundation for Shamanic Studies | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Religious Movements and the Origins of Religion | |
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Three Native American Movements | |
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The Delaware Prophet | |
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James Mooney and the Ghost Dance | |
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Peyotism and the Native American Church | |
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Cargo Movements in Melanesia | |
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The Tuka Movement in Fiji | |
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The Notion of Cargo | |
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The Logic of Cargo Movements | |
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Later Cargo Cults and Nationalist Movements | |
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The Bungan Movement in the Interior of Borneo | |
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Revitalization | |
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A Reevaluation of the Theory of Revitalization | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Anthropology and Religion in a Global Context: The World Religions, Conversion, and Complexity | |
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The World Religions from an Anthropological Perspective | |
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Named Identity | |
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Sacred Texts, Written Languages, and Restricted Literacy | |
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Universality and Localization | |
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Colonialism, Diaspora, and the World Religions | |
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Evangelism | |
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Suffering and Salvation | |
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The Anthropological Study of the World Religions | |
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Theoretical Developments | |
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Religion, Society, and Civilization in Rural Java | |
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Buddhism and the Spirit Cults among the Burmese | |
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Gender and Religion in Korea | |
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The Conversion of Indigenous Peoples to and within the World Religions | |
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The Conversion of Indigenous Peoples in Southeast Asia | |
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Conversion to Christianity in Northern Thailand | |
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The Conversion from Roman Catholicism to Evangelical Protestantism in Mexico and Central America | |
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Notes | |
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References and Further Reading | |
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Index | |
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About the Author | |