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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Overview of the Research Process | |
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Introduction to Research in Physical Activity | |
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The Nature of Research | |
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Unscientific Versus Scientific Methods of Problem Solving | |
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Alternative Models of Research | |
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Types of Research | |
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Overview of the Research Process | |
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Summary | |
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Developing the Problem and Using the Literature | |
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Identifying the Research Problem | |
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Purpose of the Literature Review | |
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Basic Literature Search Strategies | |
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Steps in the Literature Search | |
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Summary | |
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Presenting the Problem | |
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Choosing the Title | |
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Writing the Introduction | |
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Stating the Research Problem | |
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Presenting the Research Hypothesis | |
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Operationally Defining Your Terms | |
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Basic Assumptions, Delimitations, and Limitations | |
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Justifying the Significance of the Study | |
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The Differences Between the Thesis and the Research Article | |
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Summary | |
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Formulating the Method | |
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How to Present Methodological Details | |
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Why Planning the Method Is Important | |
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Two Principles for Planning Experiments | |
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Describing Participants | |
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Describing Instruments | |
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Describing Procedures | |
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Describing Design and Analysis | |
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Establishing Cause and Effect | |
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Interaction of Participants, Measurements, and Treatments | |
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Summary | |
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Ethical Issues in Research and Scholarship | |
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Seven Areas of Scientific Dishonesty | |
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Ethical Issues Regarding Copyright | |
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Model for Considering Scientific Misconduct | |
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Working With Faculty | |
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Protecting Human Participants | |
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Protecting Animal Subjects | |
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Summary | |
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Statistical and Measurement Concepts in Research | |
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Becoming Acquainted With Statistical Concepts | |
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Why We Need Statistics | |
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Use of Computers in Statistical Analysis | |
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Description and Inference Are Not Statistical Techniques | |
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Ways to Select a Sample | |
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Justifying Post Hoc Explanations | |
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Difficulty of Random Sampling and Assignment: How Good Does It Have to Be? | |
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Unit of Analysis | |
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Measures of Central Tendency and Variability | |
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Basic Concepts of Statistical Techniques | |
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Summary | |
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Statistical Issues in Research Planning and Evaluation | |
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Probability | |
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Meaningfulness (Effect Size) | |
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Power | |
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Using Information in the Context of the Study | |
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Reporting Statistical Data | |
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Summary | |
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Relationships Among Variables | |
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What Correlational Research Investigates | |
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Understanding the Nature of Correlation | |
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What the Coefficient of Correlation Means | |
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Using Correlation for Prediction | |
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Partial Correlation | |
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Uses of Semipartial Correlation | |
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Procedures for Multiple Regression | |
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Multivariate Forms of Correlation | |
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Summary | |
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Differences Among Groups | |
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How Statistics Test Differences | |
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Types of t Tests | |
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Interpreting t | |
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Relationship of t and r | |
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Analysis of Variance | |
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Analysis of Covariance | |
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Experimentwise Error Rate | |
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Understanding Multivariate Techniques | |
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Summary | |
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Nonparametric Techniques | |
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Chi Square: Testing the Observed Versus the Expected | |
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Procedures for Rank-Order Data | |
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Correlation | |
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Differences Among Groups | |
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Summary | |
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Measuring Research Variables | |
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Validity | |
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Reliability | |
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Methods of Establishing Reliability | |
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Intertester Reliability (Objectivity) | |
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Standard Error of Measurement | |
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Using Standard Scores to Compare Performance | |
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Measuring Movement | |
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Measuring Written Responses | |
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Measuring Affective Behavior | |
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Scales for Measuring Affective Behavior | |
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Measuring Knowledge | |
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Item Response Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Types of Research | |
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Historical Research in Physical Activity | |
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Research Paradigms | |
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Lines of Inquiry and Topics | |
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Designing the Research | |
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Working With the Evidence | |
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Summary | |
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Philosophic Research in Physical Activity | |
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Identifying the Purposes of Philosophic Research | |
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Locating a Research Problem | |
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Analyzing a Research Problem | |
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Summary | |
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Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis) | |
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Using Meta-Analysis to Synthesize Research | |
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Presenting Effect Size Data | |
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Summary | |
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The Survey | |
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The Questionnaire | |
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The Delphi Method | |
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The Personal Interview | |
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The Normative Survey | |
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Summary | |
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Other Descriptive Research Methods | |
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Developmental Research | |
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The Case Study | |
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Job Analysis | |
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Observational Research | |
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Unobtrusive Research Techniques | |
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Correlational Research | |
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Summary | |
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Physical Activity Epidemiology Research | |
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Observational Versus Experimental Research | |
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What Is Epidemiology? | |
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Physical Activity Measurement Definitions | |
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Assessment of Physical Activity | |
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Epidemiologic Study Designs | |
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Reading and Interpreting a Physical Activity Epidemiologic Study | |
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Summary | |
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Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research | |
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Sources of Invalidity | |
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Threats to Internal Validity | |
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Threats to External Validity | |
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Controlling Threats to Internal Validity | |
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Controlling Threats to External Validity | |
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Types of Designs | |
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Summary | |
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Qualitative Research | |
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Contrasting Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Research | |
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Procedures in Qualitative Research | |
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Analysis of the Data | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Writing the Research Report | |
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Completing the Research Process | |
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Research Proposal | |
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Developing a Good Introduction | |
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Describing the Method | |
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The Proposal Process | |
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Preparing and Presenting Qualitative Research Proposals | |
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Writing Proposals for Granting Agencies | |
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Submitting Internal Proposals | |
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Completing Your Thesis or Dissertation | |
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Results and Discussion | |
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How to Handle Multiple Experiments in a Single Report | |
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How to Use Tables and Figures | |
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Summary | |
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Ways of Reporting Research | |
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Basic Writing Guidelines | |
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A Brief Word About Acknowledgments | |
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Thesis and Dissertation Format: Traditional Versus Journal | |
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Helpful Hints for Successful Journal Writing | |
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Writing Abstracts | |
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Making Oral and Poster Presentations | |
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Summary | |
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Statistical Tables | |
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A Brief Historical Overview of Research in Physical Activity in the United States | |
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Sample Consent Forms | |
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References | |