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| Nutrition Basics | |
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| Digestion, Absorption, Transport, and Excretion of Nutrients | |
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| The Gastrointestinal Tract | |
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| Overview of Digestive and Absorptive Processes | |
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| The Small Intestine: Primary Site of Nutrient Absorption | |
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| The Large Intestine | |
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| Summary | |
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| Energy | |
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| Components of Energy Expenditure | |
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| Measurement of Energy Expenditure | |
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| Estimating Energy Requirements | |
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| Calculating Food Energy | |
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| Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Fats and Lipids | |
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| Amino Acids and Protein | |
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| Macronutrient Use and Storage in the Fed State | |
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| Macronutrient Catabolism in the Fasted State | |
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| Summary | |
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| Vitamins | |
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| The Fat-Soluble Vitamins | |
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| The Water-Soluble Vitamins | |
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| Other Vitamin-Like Factors | |
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| Minerals | |
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| Characteristics of Minerals | |
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| Macrominerals | |
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| Microminerals (Trace Elements) | |
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| Ultratrace Minerals | |
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| Other Trace Elements | |
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| Summary | |
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| Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance | |
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| Body Water | |
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| Electrolytes | |
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| Acid-Base Balance | |
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| Acid-Base Disorders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition in the Life Cycle | |
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| Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation | |
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| Pregnancy | |
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| Lactation | |
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| Nutrition, Fertility, and Conception | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition During Infancy | |
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| Physiologic Development | |
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| Nutrient Requirements | |
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| Milk | |
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| Food | |
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| Feeding | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition for Low-Birth-Weight Infants | |
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| Physiologic Development | |
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| Nutritional Requirements: Parenteral Feeding | |
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| Transition From Parenteral to Enteral Feeding | |
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| Nutritional Requirements: Enteral Feeding | |
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| Feeding Methods | |
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| Selection of Enteral Feeding | |
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| Growth and Nutritional Assessments | |
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| Discharge Care | |
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| Neurodevelopmental Outcome | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition in Childhood | |
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| Growth and Development | |
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| Nutrient Requirements | |
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| Providing an Adequate Diet | |
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| Nutritional Concerns | |
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| Preventing Chronic Disease | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition in Adolescence | |
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| Growth and Development | |
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| Nutrient Requirements | |
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| Food Habits | |
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| Special Situations | |
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| Strategies for Improving Nutritional Well-Being | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition in the Adult Years | |
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| Eating and the Food Environment | |
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| Defensive Nutrition Paradigm | |
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| Gastrointestinal Integrity | |
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| Detoxification Systems | |
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| Guidelines for a Defensive Nutrition Paradigm | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition in Aging | |
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| The Older Population | |
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| Theories of Aging | |
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| Physiologic Changes | |
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| Multidisciplinary Assessment | |
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| Nutrition Screening | |
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| Nutrition Needs | |
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| Dietary Planning | |
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| Nutrition Issues | |
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| Supportive Services | |
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| Nutrition Care | |
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| Nutrition in the Community | |
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| Nutrition Practice in the Community | |
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| Needs Assessment for Community-Based Nutrition Services | |
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| National Food and Nutrition Data Sources | |
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| National Nutrition Guidelines and Goals | |
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| Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs | |
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| Food Safety: Laws, Regulations, and Issues | |
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| Food Technology | |
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| Agricultural Products and Concerns | |
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| Other Concerns About Food and Water Safety | |
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| Summary | |
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| Guidelines for Dietary Planning | |
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| Determining Nutrient Needs | |
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| Nutritional Status of Americans | |
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| National Guidelines for Diet Planning | |
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| Food Labeling | |
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| Cultural Aspects of Dietary Planning | |
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| Summary | |
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| Introduction to Nutritional Genomics | |
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| The Human Genome Project | |
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| Genetic Fundamentals | |
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| Genetics and Nutrition Therapy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Dietary and Clinical Assessment | |
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| |
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| Nutritional Imbalance | |
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| Nutritional Screening | |
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| Nutritional Assessment | |
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| Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination | |
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| Classifying Malnutrition | |
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| Summary | |
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| Laboratory Data in Nutrition Assessment | |
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| Definition and Usefulness of Nutrition Laboratory Data | |
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| Assessment of Protein-Energy Status | |
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| Laboratory Data for Nutritional Anemias | |
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| Markers of Malabsorption | |
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| Wellness Assessment | |
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| Nutritional Interpretation of Routine Medical Laboratory Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Food-Drug Interactions | |
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| Pharmacologic Aspects of Food-Drug Interactions | |
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| Risk Factors for Food-Drug Interactions | |
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| Effects of Food on Drug Therapy | |
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| Effects of Drugs on Food and Nutrition | |
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| Modification of Drug Action by Food and Nutrients | |
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| Effects of Drugs on Nutritional Status | |
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| Excipients and Food-Drug Interactions | |
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| Medical Nutrition Therapy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Integrative Medicine and Phytotherapy | |
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| Integrative Therapies | |
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| Commonly Used Botanicals | |
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| Guidelines for Working With Clients Who Use Botanicals | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Nutrition Care Process | |
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| Nutrition Care Process and Medical Nutrition Therapy | |
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| Nutritional Care Record | |
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| Charting and Documentation | |
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| Influences on Nutritional Care | |
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| Nutritional Intervention and Diet Modification | |
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| Nutritional Care for the Hospitalized Patient | |
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| Nutritional Care of the Terminally Ill or Hospice Patient | |
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| Discharge Planning and Home Care | |
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| Summary | |
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| Counseling for Change | |
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| Counseling Techniques | |
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| Stages of Change | |
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| |
| Activities That Facilitate Behavior Change | |
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| Intervention Model | |
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| Not-Ready-to-Change Counseling Sessions | |
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| Ready-to-Change Counseling Sessions | |
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| Resistance Behaviors and Potential Strategies to Modify Them | |
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| Summary | |
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| Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support | |
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| |
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| Rationale and Criteria for Appropriate Nutrition Support | |
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| Enteral Nutrition | |
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| |
| Parenteral Nutrition | |
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| |
| Transitional Feeding | |
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| |
| Pharmacologic Use of Nutrients | |
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| Nutrition Support in Long-Term and Home Care | |
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| |
| Ethical Issues | |
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| |
| Interdisciplinary Nutrition Support Services | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| Nutrition for Health and Fitness | |
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| Nutrition for Weight Management | |
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| Body Weight Components | |
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| Regulation of Body Weight | |
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| Weight Management Throughout Life | |
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| Weight Imbalance: Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Management of Obesity in Adults | |
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| Common Problems Encountered in Obesity Management | |
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| |
| Weight Management in Children | |
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| |
| Weight Imbalance: Excessive Leanness | |
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| |
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| Nutrition in Eating Disorders | |
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| Diagnostic Criteria | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Pathophysiology | |
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| |
| Nutritional Assessment | |
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| |
| Psychological Management | |
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| Nutritional Care | |
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| Nutrition Education | |
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| Prognosis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition for Exercise and Sports Performance | |
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| Energy Production | |
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| |
| Fuels for Contracting Muscles | |
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| Nutritional Requirements of Exercise | |
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| Weight Management | |
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| Other Considerations | |
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| Ergogenic Aids | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition and Bone Health | |
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| Bone Structure and Bone Physiology | |
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| Bone Mass and Bone Density | |
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| Nutrition and Bone | |
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| Osteopenia and Osteoporosis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nutrition for Oral and Dental Health | |
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| Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development | |
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| Dental Caries | |
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| Fluoride | |
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| Preventive Care | |
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| Periodontal Disease | |
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| Early Childhood Caries | |
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| Tooth Loss and Dentures | |
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| Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease | |
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| Polypharmacy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Medical Nutrition Therapy | |
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| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders | |
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| |
| |
| Disorders of the Esophagus | |
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| |
| Disorders of the Stomach | |
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| Summary | |
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| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders | |
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| |
| |
| Common Intestinal Problems | |
| |
| |
| Diseases of the Small Intestine | |
| |
| |
| Intestinal Brush-Border Enzyme Deficiencies | |
| |
| |
| Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of the Large Intestine | |
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| |
| Intestinal Surgery | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas Disorders | |
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| |
| |
| Physiology and Functions of the Liver | |
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| |
| Laboratory Assessment of Liver Function | |
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| |
| Diseases of the Liver | |
| |
| |
| Liver Resection and Transplantation | |
| |
| |
| Physiology and Functions of the Gallbladder | |
| |
| |
| Diseases of the Gallbladder | |
| |
| |
| Physiology and Functions of the Exocrine Pancreas | |
| |
| |
| Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Food Allergy and Food Intolerance | |
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| |
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| Immunologic Basis | |
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| Symptoms | |
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| Risk Factors for the Development of Food Allergy | |
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| |
| Food Intolerances | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Treatment | |
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| |
| Natural History of Food Allergy | |
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| |
| Food Allergy in Infancy | |
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| |
| Diet and Prevention of Allergic Disease | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin | |
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| |
| |
| Pathophysiology | |
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| |
| Diagnostic and Screening Criteria | |
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| |
| Management of Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| |
| Diabetes and Age-Related Issues | |
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| |
| Implementing Nutrition Self-Management | |
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| |
| Acute Complications | |
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| |
| Long-Term Complications | |
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| |
| Preventing Diabetes | |
| |
| |
| Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Anemia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iron-Related Blood Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Megaloblastic Anemias | |
| |
| |
| Other Nutritional Anemias | |
| |
| |
| Nonnutritional Anemias | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease | |
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| |
| |
| Prevalence and Incidence | |
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| Mortality | |
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| Pathophysiology and Etiology | |
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| |
| Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease | |
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| |
| Lipoprotein Assessment | |
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| |
| Genetic Hyperlipidemias: Classification and Diagnosis | |
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| |
| Dietary Factors | |
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| |
| Treatment | |
| |
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| Summary | |
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| Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hypertension | |
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| |
| |
| Definition and Classification | |
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| Prevalence and Incidence | |
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| Morbidity and Mortality | |
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| Pathophysiology | |
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| Primary Prevention | |
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| |
| Medical Management | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Heart Failure and Transplant | |
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| |
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| Heart Failure | |
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| |
| Cardiac Transplantation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pulmonary Disease | |
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| |
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| Relationships Between Nutrition and the Pulmonary System | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Medical Nutrition Therapy in Pulmonary Disease | |
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| |
| Aspiration | |
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| Asthma | |
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| |
| Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia | |
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| |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | |
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| |
| Cystic Fibrosis | |
| |
| |
| Lung Cancer | |
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| |
| Pneumonia | |
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| |
| Respiratory Failure | |
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| |
| Tuberculosis | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Renal Disorders | |
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| |
| |
| Physiology and Function of the Kidneys | |
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| |
| Renal Disease | |
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| |
| Glomerular Diseases | |
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| |
| Diseases of the Tubules and Interstitium | |
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| |
| Progressive Nature of Renal Disease | |
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| |
| End-Stage Renal Disease | |
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| |
| Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones) | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery | |
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| |
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| Diagnosis and Medical Treatment | |
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| |
| Nutrition in the Etiology of Cancer | |
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| |
| Nutritional Implications of Cancer | |
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| |
| Nutritional Implications of Cancer Therapy | |
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| Nutritional Care of Adults Diagnosed With Cancer | |
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| |
| Nutritional Care of Children Diagnosed With Cancer | |
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| |
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | |
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| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Classification | |
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| |
| Epidemiology and Trends | |
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| |
| Manifestations and Stages of HIV Infection | |
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| |
| Opportunistic Infections and Other Complications | |
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| Medical Management | |
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| |
| Women and HIV | |
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| |
| Pediatric Considerations | |
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| |
| Relationship Between Malnutrition and AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy | |
| |
| |
| Complications With a Nutrition Impact | |
| |
| |
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Stress: Sepsis, Trauma, Burns, and Surgery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metabolic Response to Stress | |
| |
| |
| Starvation Versus Stress | |
| |
| |
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| Head Injury | |
| |
| |
| Major Burns | |
| |
| |
| Surgery | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neurologic Disease Classification | |
| |
| |
| Nervous System Wiring and Lesions | |
| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy | |
| |
| |
| Problems With Procurement of Food | |
| |
| |
| Neurologic Diseases Arising From Nutritional Deficiencies or Excesses | |
| |
| |
| Neurologic Diseases With Nonnutrition Etiologies | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Rheumatic Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Etiology | |
| |
| |
| Pathophysiology of Inflammation in Rheumatic Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Drugs Commonly Used to Reduce Inflammation | |
| |
| |
| Osteoarthritis | |
| |
| |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
| |
| |
| Sjogren's Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| Gout | |
| |
| |
| Scleroderma | |
| |
| |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | |
| |
| |
| Chronic Fatigue Disorder Syndrome and Fibromyalgia | |
| |
| |
| Controversies and Unproven Remedies for Rheumatic Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Newborn Screening | |
| |
| |
| Goals of Medical Nutrition Therapy | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of Urea Cycle Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Glycogen Storage Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation | |
| |
| |
| Other Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Role of Nutritionist in Medical Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Appendixes | |
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| |
| |
| General Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unit Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Potential ICD-9-CM Codes for Nutrition Services | |
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| |
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| Milliequivalents and Milligrams of Electrolytes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Approximate Conversions to and From Metric Measures | |
| |
| |
| Nutritional Physical Assessment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Birth to 36 Months: Boys Length-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Birth to 36 Months: Boys Head Circumference-for-Age and Weight-for-Length Percentiles | |
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| |
| |
| 2 to 20 Years: Boys Stature-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles | |
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| |
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| Birth to 36 Months: Girls Length-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles | |
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| |
| |
| Birth to 36 Months: Girls Head Circumference-for-Age and Weight-for-Length Percentiles | |
| |
| |
| |
| 2 to 20 Years: Girls Stature-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Females | |
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| |
| |
| Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Males | |
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| |
| |
| Direct Methods for Measuring Height and Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indirect Methods for Measuring Height | |
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| |
| |
| Determination of Frame Size | |
| |
| |
| |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) Table | |
| |
| |
| |
| Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles: Boys, 2 to 20 Years | |
| |
| |
| |
| Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles: Girls, 2 to 20 Years | |
| |
| |
| |
| Body Mass Index, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference, Triceps Skinfold Thickness, and Arm Muscle Circumference for Men 50 Years of Age and Older Examined in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Body Mass Index, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference, Triceps Skinfold Thickness, and Arm Muscle Circumference for Women 50 Years of Age and Older Examined in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arm Anthropometry for Children | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arm Anthropometry for Adults | |
| |
| |
| |
| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Height (cm) for Males of 2 to 74 Years | |
| |
| |
| |
| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Height (cm) for Females of 2 to 74 Years | |
| |
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| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Age for Adult Males of Small, Medium, and Large Frames | |
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| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Age for Adult Females of Small, Medium, and Large Frames | |
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| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Triceps Skinfold Thickness (mm) by Age for Males and Females of 1 to 50 Years | |
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| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm[superscript 2]) by Height (cm) for Boys and Girls of 2 to 17 Years | |
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| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm[superscript 2]) by Age for Adult Males of Small, Medium, and Large Frames | |
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| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm[superscript 2]) by Age for Adult Females of Small, Medium, and Large Frames | |
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| Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Fat Area (cm[superscript 2]) by Age for Males and Females of 1 to 74 Years | |
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| Nutrition-Focused Physical Assessment | |
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| Laboratory Tests, Drugs, and Dietary Supplements | |
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| A Guide to the Use of Laboratory Data in Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring | |
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| Nutritional Implications of Selected Drugs | |
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| Counseling Patients on Dietary Supplements | |
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| Enteral Formulas | |
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| Milk-Based Formulas or Products Designed to Be Mixed With Milk | |
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| Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 0.5 kcal/ml | |
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| Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 1 to 1.2 kcal/ml | |
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| Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 1.5 and 2.0 kcal/ml | |
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| Specially Designed Formulas: Clear Liquid, Fat Malabsorption, Glucose Intolerance, Hepatic, Immune-Support, Metabolic Stress, Pulmonary, Renal | |
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| Defined Formulas | |
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| Pediatric Specialized Formulas | |
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| Modular Components for Enteral Feedings | |
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| Nutrient Tables | |
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| Fiber Content of Selected Foods | |
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| Caffeine Content of Foods | |
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| Nutritive Values for Alcoholic Beverages and Mixes | |
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| Oxalate Content of Foods | |
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| Bioavailability of Oxalate | |
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| Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Selected Foods | |
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| Carotenoid Content of Fruits and Vegetables | |
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| Vitamin D Content of Foods | |
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| Vitamin E Content of Foods as [alpha]-Tocopherol (mg) | |
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| Vitamin K Content of Foods | |
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| Selenium Content of Foods | |
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| Menu Planning Lists | |
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| Caloric Expenditure Worksheet for Various Exercise Activities Based on Body Weight | |
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| Exchange Lists for Meal Planning | |
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| Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Selected Foods | |
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| National Dysphagia Diets | |
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| Miscellaneous | |
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| The Nutrition Care Process | |
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| Percentage of Body Fat Based on Four Skinfold Measurements | |