| |
| |
| Preface Part I Framework of Climate Science | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geologic Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Components of the Climate System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Climate Forcing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Climate System Responses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Scales of Forcing versus Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feedbacks in the Climate System Tools of Climate Science Temperature Scales Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Archives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dating Climate Records | |
| |
| |
| |
| Climatic Resolution Climatic Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biotic Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Climate Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geochemical Models Part II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change | |
| |
| |
| |
| CO2 and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges between Rocks and the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Termostat? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gaia Hypothesis Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? Looking Deeper into Climate Science Organic Carbon Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glaciations and Continental Positions since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea | |
| |
| |
| |
| Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea | |
| |
| |
| |
| Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2 Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uplift and Chemical Weathering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? Looking Deeper into Climate Science Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago | |
| |
| |
| |
| Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate | |
| |
| |
| |
| Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago Looking Deeper into Climate Science Calculating Changes in Sea Level | |
| |
| |
| |
| From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence from I | |