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| List of Illustrations | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Prologue | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overcoming Methodological Challenges | |
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| Social Science Debates over the Superiority of Particular Methods | |
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| Multiple Methods: Promises and Challenges | |
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| Practical Challenges and Methodological Trade-Offs | |
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| Technological Development and the Costs of Border Crossing | |
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| Availability and Accessibility of Data | |
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| Career Incentives as Methodological Constraints | |
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| Training | |
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| Career Incentives and Specialization | |
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| Our Substantive Focus | |
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| Interactions between Theory and Methods | |
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| Multiple Methods and Collaborative Research | |
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| Practical Constraints on Methodological Choices | |
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| Career Incentives and Methodological Practice | |
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| Outline of the Book | |
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| Field Methods | |
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| Small-N Case Studies: Putting the Commons under a Magnifying Glass | |
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| The Conventional Theory of the Commons | |
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| The Case Study Method | |
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| Cases, Case Studies, and Case Study Research | |
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| Analytical Strengths and Weaknesses | |
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| Practical Considerations | |
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| Synthesizing Challenges and Coordinating New Research Efforts | |
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| Contributions to the Study of the Commons | |
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| Property Rights and Tenure Security | |
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| Group Characteristics | |
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| Resource Characteristics | |
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| Case Studies as a Foundation | |
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| Broadly Comparative Field-Based Research | |
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| Methodological Practices over Fifteen Years of Research | |
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| Defining the Units of Analysis | |
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| Trading Geographic Scope for Numbers? | |
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| Theoretical Aspirations and Methodological Practices | |
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| Practical Challenges to Broadly Comparative Field-Based Research | |
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| Costs of Data Collection | |
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| Research Design and Sampling | |
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| The Implications of Data Scarcity and Costliness | |
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| Meta-Analysis: An Introduction | |
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| Weighing the Benefits and Costs of Meta-Analysis | |
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| Coding Strategies and Missing Data | |
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| Potential Sources of Sample Bias | |
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| The Choice of Methodological Strategy: Weighing Costs against Control | |
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| Meta-Analysis: Getting the Big Picture through Synthesis | |
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| Meta-Analysis: A Recapitulation | |
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| The Common-Pool Resource (CPR) Research Program | |
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| Defining Variables | |
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| Compensating for Gaps in Case Materials | |
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| Contributions | |
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| Overall Assessment | |
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| NIIS: A Hybrid Approach | |
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| Adaptation of the CPR Protocols | |
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| Measurement and Sampling | |
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| Contributions | |
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| Overall Assessment | |
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| Other Synthetic Studies | |
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| Additional Examples of Meta-Analysis | |
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| An Example of Narrative Synthesis | |
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| Progress and Continuing Challenges | |
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| Collaborative Field Studies | |
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| Collaboration in Field-Based Research, 1990–2004 | |
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| Two Research Partnerships | |
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| Community-Based Management of Common-Pool Resources in Tanzania | |
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| Traditional Management of Artisanal Fisheries in Nigeria | |
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| Thoughts about Research Partnerships | |
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| CGIAR: A Global Research Alliance | |
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| IFRI: An International Research Network | |
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| Strategies for Data Collection | |
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| Strategies for Coordination | |
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| Contributions and Challenges | |
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| Comparing the Strategies and Drawing Implications | |
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| Models and Experiments in the Laboratory -and the Field | |
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| Experiments in the Laboratory and the Field | |
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| The Experimental Method | |
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| Laboratory Experiments of Relevance to the Study of the Commons | |
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| Public Goods Experiments | |
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| Common-Pool Resource Experiments | |
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| Insights from Public Goods and Common-Pool Resource Experiments in the Laboratory | |
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| Face-to-Face Communication in the Laboratory | |
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| Heterogeneity | |
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| Sanctioning Experiments | |
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| Field Experiments | |
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| Toward a New Generation of Experiments of Commons Dilemmas | |
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| New Developments in Laboratory Experiments | |
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| Toward a New Generation of Field Experiments | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Agent-Based Models of Collective Action | |
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| A Brief Introduction to Agent-Based Modeling | |
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| Cellular Automata | |
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| Networks | |
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| Agents | |
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| Strengths and Weaknesses of Agent-Based Models | |
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| Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma | |
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| Cooperation among Egoists | |
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| Evolving Strategies in Prisoner's Dilemma Tournaments | |
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| Spatial Games 1814 | |
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| Spatial Public Goods Games | |
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| Indirect Reciprocity | |
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| Evolution of Costly Punishment | |
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| Evolution of Social (Meta) Norms | |
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| Future Challenges | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Building Empirically Grounded Agent-Based Models | |
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| Comparing Simulations with Data | |
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| Different Approaches to Combine Empirical Data and Agent-Based Models | |
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| Agent-Based Models of Laboratory and Field Experiments | |
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| Role Games and Companion Modeling | |
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| Models of Case Studies | |
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| Methodological Challenges | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Synthesis | |
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| Pushing the Frontiers of the Theory of Collective Action and the Commons | |
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| Synopsis of Research Developments Reviewed in Parts II and III | |
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| Toward a More General-Behavioral Theory of Human Action | |
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| Assumptions of a Behavioral Theory | |
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| The Centrality of Trust | |
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| Unpacking the Concept of Context | |
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| The Microsituational Context | |
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| The Impact of Microsituational Variables on Cooperation | |
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| The Challenge of Linking Contextual Scales | |
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| The Broader Scale Affecting Collective Action | |
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| Ontological Frameworks | |
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| An Ontological Framework of Social-Ecological Systems | |
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| Predicting Self-Organization Drawing on the SES Framework | |
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| Diagnosing Institutional Change | |
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| Challenges for Future Research | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| A Theoretical Puzzle: Why Do Some Resource Users Self-Organize and Others Do Not? | |
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| Learning from Multiple Methods | |
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| Interlocking Developments in Methods and Theory | |
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| Methodological and Disciplinary Cross-Fertilization and Theoretical Innovation | |
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| Sequential Movement between Methods and Disciplines | |
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| Combining Multiple Methods and Disciplines in a Program of Research | |
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| Spaces for Cross-Fertilization | |
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| Practical Challenges | |
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| Trade-Offs in Training and Research | |
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| Professional Incentives | |
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| Collaborative Research as a Collective-Action Problem | |
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| Rewards to Individual and Collaborative Research | |
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| Fragmentation of Academia | |
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| Misunderstandings and Mistrust | |
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| Long-Term Funding | |
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| Responding to the Challenges | |
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| Looking Forward | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |