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| Preface | |
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| References | |
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| The Nature of Innovation | |
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| The Nature and Importance of Innovation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Innovation? | |
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| The Microeconomic Effects of Innovation | |
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| Interaction between Producers and Users of Innovation | |
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| Innovations and Market Failure | |
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| Restoring Incentives to Invent and Innovate | |
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| Firms Competing through Innovation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| The Nature and Role of Intellectual Property | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Are Intellectual Property Rights Awarded? | |
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| Patents | |
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| Trademarks | |
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| Designs and Utility Models | |
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| Copyright | |
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| Further Questions about IPRs | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| The Measurement of Innovation, Productivity, and Growth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| How Can Innovation Be Measured? | |
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| Illustrations of Innovation Statistics | |
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| Productivity at the Firm, Industry, and Economy Level | |
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| Comparing Productivity and Growth across Countries | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| The National Innovation System | |
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| The National Innovation System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The National Innovation System | |
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| The Central Role of R&D | |
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| The Government-University Axis | |
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| The University-Business Axis | |
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| The Government-Business Axis | |
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| National Innovation Systems in Emerging Markets | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Innovative Firms and Markets | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Entrepreneurship and New Firms | |
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| Innovation and Firms | |
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| Markets and Innovation | |
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| Empirical Evidence on the Returns to Innovation | |
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| Evidence on Interactions between Competition and Innovation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Intellectual Property Rights and Firms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| How Can Firms Benefit from IPRs? | |
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| Exploring the Returns to IPRs | |
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| Markets for IPRs | |
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| Costs of Obtaining and Enforcing IPRs | |
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| IPR Strategies | |
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| Empirical Studies on the Value of IPRs | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Diffusion and Social Returns | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modeling the Rate of Adoption of an Innovation | |
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| Statistical Evidence on Rates of Adoption | |
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| Spillovers and Social Returns to Innovation | |
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| Empirical Studies of Social Returns | |
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| Spatial Dimensions of Spillovers | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| The Macroeconomics of Innovation | |
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| Models of Economic Growth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Neoclassical Growth Model | |
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| Endogenous Growth Models | |
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| Evolutionary and Other Models | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Innovation and Globalization | |
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| What Is Globalization? | |
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| World Trade in Historical Perspective | |
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| Theories of Trade and Growth | |
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| International Knowledge and Technology Flows: Theory and Evidence | |
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| International Financial Flows | |
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| International Aspects of IPRs | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Technology, Wages, and Jobs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Microeconomic Models of Innovation and Labor Markets | |
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| Innovation and Labor Markets; Evidence from Firms | |
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| Macroeconomic and Trade Models of Innovation and Labor Markers | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Economic Policy | |
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| Microeconomic Policies to Promote Firm-Level Innovation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Is the Intellectual Property System Working? | |
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| Incentive Systems for Encouraging Firm-Level R&D | |
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| Other Innovation Policies | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Macroeconomic Issues and Policy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Macroeconomic Evidence on IPRs and Economic Growth | |
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| Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) | |
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| Intellectual Property Rights, Exhaustion, and Parallel Imports | |
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| Piracy and Counterfeit | |
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| R&D in the Global Economy | |
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| International Migration of Skilled Labor | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Mathematical Appendix | |
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| Production Functions | |
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| Present Discounted Value | |
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| Derivatives | |
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| Marginal Products and Diminishing Returns | |
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| Accumulation Equations and Growth Rates | |
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| Logarithms and Production Functions | |
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| Differential Equations and a Catch-up Model | |
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| Estimating Production Functions | |
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| Refereces | |
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| Index | |