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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Hawaiian Islands as a Model Ecosystem | |
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| Model Systems | |
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| Microcosms and Well-studied Systems | |
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| A Brief Natural History | |
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| The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands | |
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| Determinants of Climate | |
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| Isolation | |
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| Evolution, Conservation, and Culture | |
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| Evolution and Speciation | |
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| Conservation Biology | |
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| Cultural Evolution | |
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| Gradients in Environmental Factors, Gradients in Ecosystems | |
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| The State Factor Framework | |
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| Environmental Gradients as Model Systems | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Precipitation | |
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| The Mauna Loa Matrix | |
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| A Substrate Age Gradient across the Hawaiian Islands | |
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| Age Control | |
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| Climate History | |
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| Basic Features of the Gradient | |
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| Patterns and Processes in Long-term Ecosystem Development | |
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| A Theory for Nutrient Dynamics during Ecosystem Development | |
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| Biogeochemical Processes on the Substrate Age Gradient | |
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| Soil P Pools | |
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| C and N Pools | |
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| Available Nutrients | |
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| Foliar Nutrients | |
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| Forest Productivity | |
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| Efficiencies of Resource Use | |
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| Decomposition and Nutrient Regeneration | |
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| Soil Organic Matter Turnover | |
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| Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedbacks | |
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| Experimental Studies of Nutrient Limitation and the Regulation of Nutrient Cycling | |
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| Fertilization Experiments | |
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| Nutrient Limitation | |
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| Nutrient Availability and Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedback | |
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| Tissue Nutrient Concentrations | |
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| Productivity | |
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| Resource Efficiencies | |
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| Decomposition | |
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| Nutrient Regeneration | |
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| Controls of Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedback | |
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| Nutrient Inputs to Hawaiian Ecosystems: Pathways, Rates, and Controls | |
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| Inputs of Elements | |
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| Weathering | |
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| Concepts and Definitions | |
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| Approaches | |
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| Element Inputs via Weathering | |
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| Atmospheric Inputs | |
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| Background | |
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| Deposition Measurements | |
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| Inputs of Water | |
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| Nitrogen Inputs | |
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| Influence of an Active Volcano | |
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| Inputs of Other Elements | |
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| Long-Distance Dust Transport | |
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| Background | |
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| Methods | |
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| Element Inputs | |
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| The Fate of Dust | |
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| Biological N Fixation | |
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| Background | |
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| Approach | |
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| Rates of Fixation | |
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| Other Inputs | |
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| Combined Inputs by All Known Pathways | |
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| Strontium Isotopes: A Direct Test of Input Pathways | |
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| Chloride and Sulfate | |
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| Mobile Cations | |
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| Silicon and Aluminum | |
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| Nitrogen and Phosphorus | |
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| Nutrient Outputs: Pathways, Controls, and Input-Output Budgets | |
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| Output Pathways | |
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| Leaching | |
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| N-Containing Trace Gases | |
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| Erosion | |
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| Other Pathways of Loss | |
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| Rates and Controls of N and P Losses | |
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| Input-Output Budgets | |
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| Budget Calculations | |
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| Using These Element Budgets | |
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| Issues and Opportunities | |
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| Interactions of Time Scales | |
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| An Exploratory Model | |
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| Supply versus Demand | |
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| Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedbacks | |
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| Sources and Sinks | |
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| Inputs and Outputs | |
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| Interactions across Scales | |
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| The Regulation of Nutrient Inputs and Outputs | |
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| Demand-Independent Pathways of Element Loss | |
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| Implications of Demand--Independent Nutrient Losses | |
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| Stoichiometry and Flexibility | |
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| Within-System Element Cycling | |
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| Inputs and Outputs | |
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| Biological N Fixation | |
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| Differences in Populations, Species, and Diversity | |
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| Biological Differences and Ecosystem Functioning | |
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| Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning | |
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| Three Final Points | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |