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Preface | |
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Common Abbreviations and Symbols | |
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Introduction | |
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The Components of Marine Sediments | |
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Detrital Components | |
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Biogenic Components | |
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Biogenic Carbonates | |
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Biogenic Silica | |
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Distribution of Biogenic Components in Marine Sediments | |
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Authigenic Minerals | |
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Nonbiogenic Carbonates | |
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Mn Crusts, Layers, and Nodules | |
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Phosphorites | |
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Sulfides | |
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Clays and Clay Minerals | |
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Distribution of Clay Minerals in Surface Marine Sediments | |
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Ion Exchange/Adsorption | |
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The Classification of Marine Sediments and Sedimentary Regimes | |
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Isotope Geochemistry | |
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Introduction | |
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Principles of Isotope Fractionation | |
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Terminology | |
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Equilibrium Isotope Exchange Reactions | |
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Isotope Fractionation in Inorganic Materials in Nature | |
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Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere and in Ice cores | |
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Isotope Fractionation during Clay Mineral Formation | |
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Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Calcite | |
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Carbon Isotopes in Organic Matter | |
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Photosynthesis | |
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Respiration (Early Diagenesis in Sediments) | |
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Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Sediment Pore-Waters | |
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Carbon Isotopes | |
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Oxygen Isotopes | |
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Nitrogen Isotopes | |
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Sulfur Isotopes | |
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Radioactive Isotopes | |
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Basic Principles | |
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Radiocarbon | |
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Physical Properties of Sediments | |
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Grain Size | |
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Porosity and Sediment Density | |
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Permeability | |
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An Introduction to Transport Processes in Sediments | |
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Diffusion | |
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Sediment Accumulation, Steady State, and the Frame of Reference for Processes in Marine Sediments | |
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An Introduction to Bioturbation and Bioirrigation | |
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Time and Space Scales of Sediment Processes | |
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The Classification of Marine Sediments on the Basis of Their Functional Diagenetic Characteristics | |
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Models of Sediment Diagenesis | |
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The General Diagenetic Equation | |
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Diffusion | |
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Advection, Sediment Compaction, and Bioturbation | |
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Adsorption | |
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Solutions to the Diagenetic Equation | |
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Boundary Conditions | |
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Solutions to Specific Diagenetic Equations | |
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Organic Matter Remineralization without Bioturbation | |
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Organic Matter Remineralization with Bioturbation | |
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Organic Matter Remineralization Coupled to Sulfate Reduction | |
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Ammonium Production in Anoxic Sediments | |
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Determination of Sediment Accumulation Rates | |
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Biogeochemical Processes in Sediments | |
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Bacterial Metabolism: General Considerations | |
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Bacterial Respiration and Biogeochemical Zonation in Sediments | |
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Bacterial Respiration: Specific Processes | |
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Aerobic Respiration | |
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Denitrification | |
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Manganese and Iron Reduction | |
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Sulfate Reduction | |
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Methanogenesis | |
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Chemolithotrophic Reactions | |
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Aerobic Processes | |
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Anaerobic Processes | |
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Linkages between Chemolithotrophic and Organic Matter Remineralization Processes | |
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The Distribution of Organic Matter Remineralization Processes in Marine Sediments | |
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Depth Scales of Biogeochemical Zonation | |
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General Trends with Water Column Depth or Sediment Type | |
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Dynamics of Organic Matter Decomposition in Sediments | |
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General Considerations | |
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Anaerobic "Foodchains" | |
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Dynamics of Organic Matter Decomposition under Mixed Redox Conditions | |
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Quantifying Carbon and Nutrient Remineralization in Sediments | |
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Models of Organic Matter Decomposition in Sediments | |
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Sediment Budgets for Reactive Components | |
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Theoretical Considerations | |
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Sediment Nutrient Budgets Using Cape Lookout Bight as an Example | |
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Carbon Burial in Sediments | |
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Layered and Coupled Models of Sediment Diagenesis | |
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An Introduction to the Organic Geochemistry of Marine Sediments | |
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General Considerations | |
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Concentrations and Sources of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments | |
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The Bulk Chemical Composition of Marine Sediment Organic Matter | |
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Amino Acids | |
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Carbohydrates | |
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Lignins | |
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Lipids | |
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Humic Substances and Molecularly Uncharacterized Organic Matter | |
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Black Carbon | |
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Molecularly Uncharacterized Organic Matter (MU-OM): General Considerations | |
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Geopolymerization: The Formation of Humic Substances | |
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Selective Preservation of Refractory Biomacromolecules | |
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Physical Protection | |
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Organic Nitrogen Diagenesis in Sediments | |
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Dissolved Organic Matter in Marine Sediments | |
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General Observations | |
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Diagenetic Models of Pore-Water DOM Cycling in Sediments | |
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Pore-Water DOM Compositional Data | |
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Short-Chain Organic Acids | |
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Carbohydrates | |
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Amino Acids | |
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Fluxes of DOM from Marine Sediments | |
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DOM Adsorption and Sediment-Organic Matter Interactions | |
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Linking Sediment Organic Geochemistry and Sediment Diagenesis | |
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The Sources of Organic Matter to Marine Sediments | |
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Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Tracers of Organic Matter Sources | |
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Elemental Ratios as Tracers of Organic Matter Sources | |
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Spatial Trends in the Sources of Organic Matter to Marine Sediments: Marine versus Terrestrial | |
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Other Sources of Organic Matter to Marine Sediments: Black Carbon and Recycled Kerogen | |
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Production of Bacterial Biomass in Sediments | |
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The Composition of Organic Matter Undergoing Remineralization in Marine Sediments | |
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Pore-Water Stoichiometric Models for Nutrient Regeneration/Organic Mater Remineralization | |
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Benthic Flux and Sediment POM Stoichiometric Models for Nutrient Regeneration | |
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The Composition of Organic Matter Undergoing Remineralization: Elemental Ratios and Stable Isotopic Composition | |
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The Composition of Organic Matter Undergoing Remineralization: Organic Geochemical Composition | |
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Processes at the Sediment-Water Interface | |
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The Determination of Benthic Fluxes | |
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Diffusive Transport and the Benthic Boundary Layer | |
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Sediment-Water Exchange Processes in Permeable Sediments | |
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Bioturbation | |
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General Considerations | |
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Models of Bioturbation | |
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Nonlocal Sediment Mixing | |
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Bioirrigation | |
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The Diffusive Openness of Bioirrigated Sediments | |
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Methods for Quantifying Bioirrigation in Sediments | |
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Rates of Bioirrigation in Marine Sediments | |
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Other Sediment-Water Interface Processes: Methane Gas Ebullition | |
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Biogeochemical Processes in Pelagic (Deep-Sea) Sediments | |
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Organic Matter Remineralization | |
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Trace Metal Diagenesis | |
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Manganese Nodules and Crusts | |
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Diagenesis of Opaline Silica | |
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Diagenesis of Calcium Carbonate | |
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Nonsteady-State Processes in Marine Sediments | |
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General Considerations | |
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Periodic Input Processes | |
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Seasonality in Sediment Processes | |
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Diagenetic Processes in Deep-Sea Turbidites | |
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Organic Geochemical Studies of Turbidite Diagenesis | |
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Multiple Mn Peaks in Sediments: Nonsteady-State Diagenetic Processes Associated with Paleoceanographic Changes | |
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Multiple Mn Peaks and the Glacial-Holocene Transition | |
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Multiple Mn Peaks and Pleistocene Climate Cycles | |
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Multiple Mn Peaks in Holocene Sediments | |
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The Controls on Organic Carbon Preservation in Marine Sediments | |
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Organic Matter-Mineral Interactions | |
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The Role of Oxygen in Sediment Carbon Remineralization and Preservation | |
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The Role of Benthic Macrofaunal Processes in Sediment Carbon Remineralization and Preservation | |
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Oxygen Exposure Time as a Determinant of Organic Carbon Preservation in Sediments | |
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What Exactly Does Sediment Oxygen Exposure "Mean"? | |
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Organic Carbon Burial and Controls on Atmospheric 0[subscript 2] | |
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The Composition of Organic Matter Preserved in Marine Sediments and the Fate of Terrestrial Organic Matter in Marine Sediments | |
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The Relationship between Physical Protection, Oxygen Exposure, and Possible Abiotic Condensation Reactions in Sediment Carbon Preservation | |
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Biogeochemical Processes in Continental Margin Sediments. I. The CO[subscript 2] System and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling | |
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Pore-Water pH and Carbonate Chemistry under Suboxic and Anoxic Conditions | |
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Sediment Nitrogen Cycling | |
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Benthic DON Fluxes | |
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Sediment Phosphorus Cycling | |
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Formation of Authigenic CFA and Phosphorus Burial in Sediments | |
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Biogeochemical Processes in Continental Margin Sediments. II. Sulfur, Methane, and Trace Metal Cycling | |
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Sediment Sulfur Cycling | |
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Sulfur Burial Efficiency | |
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Long-Term Changes in the Sedimentary Sulfur Cycle | |
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Methanogenesis and Anaerobic Methane Oxidation | |
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Shallow (Coastal) Sediments | |
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Continental Margin Sediments | |
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Trace Metal Cycling | |
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Linking Sediment Processes to Global Elemental Cycles: Authigenic Clay Mineral Formation and Reverse Weathering | |
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Sediment Silica Budgets | |
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Final Thoughts | |
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Some of the Field Sites Discussed in the Text | |
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References | |
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Index | |