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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgement | |
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| List of symbols | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Materials | |
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| Principles of the strength of materials: Phenomenological description | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stress and Strain | |
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| Linear Elasticity | |
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| The Elastic Moduli | |
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| Poisson's Ratio | |
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| Elastic Resilience--Stored Energy | |
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| Elastic Stress Concentrations | |
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| Fracture of Linearly Elastic Solids | |
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| Summary of Properties of Linearly Elastic Solids | |
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| Viscosity and Relaxation | |
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| Linear Viscoelasticity | |
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| Creep and Stress Relaxation | |
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| Effect of Temperature | |
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| The Glass Transition | |
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| Dynamic Behaviour | |
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| Viscoelastic Models | |
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| Retardation and Relaxation Spectra | |
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| Fracture of Viscoelastic Materials | |
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| Generalization of the Griffith Theory of Fracture | |
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| Summary of Properties of Viscoelastic Materials | |
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| Principles of the strength of materials: Molecular interpretation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Thermodynamics of Mechanical Deformation | |
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| Linear Elasticity | |
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| The Structure of Polymers | |
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| Statistics of a Polymer Chain | |
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| Rubber Elasticity | |
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| Molecular Interpretations of Rubbery Polymers | |
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| Molecular Structure and the Master Curve | |
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| Tensile materials | |
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| Introduction to Crystalline Polymers | |
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| Factors Affecting Crystallinity in Polymers | |
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| The Structure of Polymer Crystals | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Polymers | |
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| Silk | |
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| The Structure of Parallel-[beta] Silks | |
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| The Mechanical Properties of Silks | |
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| Other Types of Silk | |
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| Collagen | |
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| The Structure of Collagen | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Collagen Fibres | |
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| Cellulose | |
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| The Structure of Cellulose | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibres | |
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| Chitin | |
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| The Structure of Chitin | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Chitin Fibres | |
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| Pliant materials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Protein Rubbers | |
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| Resilin | |
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| Abductin | |
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| Elastin | |
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| The Mucopolysaccharides | |
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| Pliant Composites | |
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| Fibre Patterns in Pliant Composites | |
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| The Role of the Amorphous Phase | |
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| Mesoglea | |
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| Uterine Cervix | |
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| Skin | |
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| Arterial Wall | |
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| Cartilage | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Cartilage | |
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| Rigid materials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Limiting Behaviour of Composite Materials | |
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| Elastic Fibres in a Matrix | |
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| Discontinuous Fibres | |
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| Effect of Fibre Orientation | |
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| Compression of Composite Materials | |
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| Fracture of Composite Materials | |
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| Voids | |
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| Structure of Arthropod Cuticle | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Arthropod Cuticle | |
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| Structure of Bone | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Bone | |
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| Main Features of Behaviour in Relation to Structure | |
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| Anisotropic Behaviour of Bone | |
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| Stress Concentrations in Bone | |
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| The Effect of Mineralization on Bone | |
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| Fatigue in Bone | |
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| Adaptive Growth and Reconstruction in Bone | |
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| Keratin | |
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| Gorgonin and Antipathin | |
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| Structure of the Plant Cell Wall | |
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| Cell Wall Structure in Nitella | |
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| The Tracheid | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls | |
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| Structure of Wood | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Wood | |
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| Stony Materials | |
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| Porifera | |
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| Cnidaria | |
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| Mollusca | |
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| Brachiopoda | |
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| Arthropoda | |
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| Echinodermata | |
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| Birds' Eggshells | |
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| Spicules: Mechanical Considerations | |
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| Teeth | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Stony Materials | |
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| Grain Size | |
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| Porosity | |
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| The Function of the Organic Matrix | |
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| Stony Skeletons with Many Holes | |
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| Rigid Skeletal Materials: some Final Remarks | |
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| Structural Elements and Systems | |
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| Elements of structural systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Bending | |
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| Compression and Buckling | |
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| Torsion | |
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| Cross-Sectional Shape | |
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| Shells | |
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| Materials for Minimum Weight | |
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| Principles of Structural Optimization | |
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| The Failure of Elements (and Shells) | |
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| Joints | |
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| Degrees of Freedom | |
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| Forces and Directions | |
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| Flexible Joints | |
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| Sliding Joints | |
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| Adaptation of Shape | |
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| Adaptation of Material | |
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| Support in organisms | |
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| Introduction to Rigid and Flexible Systems | |
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| The Optimization of Space Frames | |
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| Fibre-wound Cylinders as Reinforced Membrane Sytems | |
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| Design Principles for Biological Structural Systems | |
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| Real Organisms: An Overview | |
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| Symmetry | |
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| Reaction to Force | |
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| Fluid Support Systems in Plants and Animals | |
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| High-Pressure Worms | |
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| Low-Pressure Worms | |
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| Open, Extensible Cylinders: Sea Anemones | |
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| Hydra and Other Polyps | |
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| Medusae | |
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| Tube Feet | |
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| Metamerism | |
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| On Being Surrounded by Air | |
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| Wilting Plants | |
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| Woody Plants | |
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| Reaction Wood | |
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| Fibre-reinforced Palm Trees | |
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| The Hydrostatic Onychophora | |
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| Jointed Frameworks of Solid Materials | |
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| Running and Burrowing Myriapods | |
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| Insects | |
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| Complex Support Systems: Molluscs and Echinoderms | |
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| Squid Locomotion | |
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| Backbones | |
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| Stressed Tissues | |
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| Safety Factors | |
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| Ecomechanics | |
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| Ecological mechanics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Stressful Environment | |
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| Adaptations to Gravity (Mass) | |
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| Adaptations to Velocity of Flow (Strength and Rigidity) | |
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| Rigid Stony Corals | |
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| Compliant and Tensile Grasses, Seaweeds and Spider Webs | |
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| Drag Control in Air: Trees | |
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| Drag Control in Water: Passive Suspension Feeders | |
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| Adaptations to Direction of Flow (Anisotropy) | |
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| Adaptations to Duration and Frequency of Flow (Stress Rate and Fatigue) | |
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| Meiofauna and the Stormy Interstices | |
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| Active Suspension Feeders | |
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| The Informative Environment | |
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| Chemical Information | |
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| Thermal Information | |
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| Rheological Information | |
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| The Next Few Years | |
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| References--Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |