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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Note on Transcription | |
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| A Genealogy of Divergent Understandings | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Religious Disputes in Takengen | |
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| On Modernists and Traditionalists | |
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| Social and Moral Contexts | |
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| Islamic Knowledge in the Highlands, 1900-1990 | |
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| Languages of Past Piety and Learning | |
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| The Development of Traditionalist Scholarship | |
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| Muhammadiyah: Social and Religious Innovation in the Highlands | |
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| Radical Reform through Islamic Education | |
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| Powerful Speech and Spirit Transactions | |
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| Spells, Prayer, and the Power of Words | |
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| Distinctions among Doa | |
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| The Efficacy of Spells | |
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| Quranic Knowledge and Power | |
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| Acquiring Power and Expecting Results | |
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| The Source of Human Powers in History | |
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| The Creation of the World | |
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| The Human Embodiment of Creation | |
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| The Coming of Islam to Aceh | |
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| The Healer's Struggle | |
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| Healers and Knowledge | |
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| Finding the Jin | |
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| Restoring the Balance | |
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| Asking a Spirit to Depart | |
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| Exorcism and Accountability | |
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| Casting Out the Spirits | |
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| The Social Framework of Exorcism | |
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| Farming, Ancestors, and the Sacred Landscape | |
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| Speaking with the Ancestor | |
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| Protecting the Crops and the Community | |
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| Ancestors and Other Sacred Beings | |
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| Adam and Eve's Children | |
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| The Origins of Rice | |
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| Cain, Abel, and the Marriage of Twins | |
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| Hunting, Healing, and Spiritual Siblingship | |
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| Negotiating Public Rituals | |
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| Transacting through Food: The Kenduri and Its Critics | |
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| Prayers, Food, and Sacrifice | |
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| Celebrating the Prophet Muhammad's Birthday | |
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| The Child's Entry into the World | |
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| Speaking for the Dead | |
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| Speaking to the Dead at the Grave | |
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| Negotiating the Passage of the Dead | |
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| Chanting for the Deceased | |
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| Sacrifice, Merit, and Self-Interest | |
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| Generating Merit in Isak | |
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| "Selfless Sacrifice" in Takengen | |
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| Worship and Public Life | |
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| Form and Feeling in Worship | |
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| Worshiping Together | |
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| Disputations | |
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| Mosque Politics | |
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| The Social Forms of Religious Change | |
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| Creating Private and Public Spheres | |
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| Two Modes of Cultural Rationalization | |
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| Public Discourse and the State | |
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| Glossary of Gayo and Arabic Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |