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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| Preface | |
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| Points of Departure | |
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| The Subject and Method | |
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| Specific Lines of Historical Development and General Features | |
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| Socialist Countries | |
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| Interpretation of the Term "Socialism" | |
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| Political Economy | |
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| Positive Analysis | |
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| Models | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Antecedents and Prototypes of the System | |
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| Marx's Image of Socialism | |
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| System Prototypes | |
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| The System before the Socialist Revolution | |
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| The Revolutionary Transition toward the Classical System | |
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| The Anatomy of the Classical System | |
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| Power | |
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| The Party | |
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| The State | |
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| The Mass Organizations | |
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| Cohesive Forces | |
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| Internal Conflicts | |
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| Repression and the Totalitarian Nature of Power | |
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| Ideology | |
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| The Official Ideology | |
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| The Socialist System's Sense of Superiority | |
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| The Basic Promises | |
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| The Self-Legitimation and Paternalistic Nature of Power | |
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| Discipline, Willing Sacrifice, and Vigilance | |
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| Power and Ideology | |
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| Property | |
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| Explanation of the Concepts | |
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| Some Characteristic Property Forms before the Advent of the Socialist System | |
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| The State-Owned Firm | |
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| Other State Property Forms | |
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| The Cooperative | |
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| Private Property and Production Activity of a Private Nature | |
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| Capitalism, Socialism, and Property | |
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| Coordination Mechanisms | |
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| Main Types | |
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| Some Observations on the Main Types | |
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| Bureaucratic Coordination | |
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| Market Coordination | |
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| Self-Governing Coordination | |
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| Ethical Coordination | |
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| Family Coordination | |
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| Spontaneous and Artificial Changes | |
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| Planning and Direct Bureaucratic Control | |
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| The Precursors of Socialism on the Subject of Planning | |
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| Initial Approach: Elaboration of the Plan | |
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| Initial Approach: Plan Implementation and Management | |
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| The Motivation of Leaders in the Economic Bureaucracy | |
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| Bargaining and Inner Conflict | |
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| Planning, Management, and Politics | |
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| The Problem of Information | |
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| Money and Price | |
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| Banking | |
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| The State Budget | |
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| Survey of Money Flows | |
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| Soft and Hard Budget Constraint | |
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| Income and Price Responsiveness | |
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| Administrative Producer Prices | |
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| Administrative Consumer Prices | |
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| Market Prices | |
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| Nonprice Signals | |
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| Investment and Growth | |
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| Expansion Drive and Investment Hunger | |
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| Central Allocation and Investment Tension | |
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| Investment and Consumption | |
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| Priorities | |
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| Extensive and Intensive Methods | |
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| Fluctuations in Growth; Cycles | |
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| Measurement of Aggregate Output | |
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| The System-Specific Growth Type: Forced Growth | |
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| Growth Performance | |
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| Employment and Wages | |
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| The Road to Full Employment | |
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| The Development of Chronic Labor Shortage | |
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| Direct Bureaucratic Control of Employment and Wages | |
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| Employer-Employee Relations in the Factory | |
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| Bureaucratic and Market Influences on Wages | |
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| Shortage and Inflation: The Phenomena | |
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| Shortage Phenomena and the Shortage Economy | |
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| The Process of Demand Adjustment | |
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| Horizontal and Vertical Shortage | |
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| Shortage and Surplus | |
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| Market Regimes: The Buyers' and the Sellers' Market | |
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| Normal Shortage and Normal Surplus | |
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| Open, Declared, and Hidden Inflation | |
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| Shortage and Inflation: The Causes | |
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| The Behavior of the Firm: Short-Term Decisions | |
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| The Behavior of the Firm: Long-Term Decisions | |
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| The Behavior of the Bureaucracy Managing Production | |
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| Relative Prices | |
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| Repressed Inflation in Interfirm Relations | |
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| Repressed Inflation in the Consumer Sphere | |
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| Excess Demand on the Macro Level | |
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| The Propensity to Inflation; the Relationship between Shortage and Inflation | |
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| The Self-Inducement and Reproduction of Shortage | |
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| The System-Specific Nature of the Causes | |
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| Economic Efficiency and Technical Progress | |
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| Consumption and Distribution | |
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| The Growth of Consumption | |
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| Other Factors in Material Welfare | |
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| Economic Security | |
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| First Approach: Distribution of Money Income | |
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| The Distribution of Material Welfare: Other Manifestations | |
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| The Explanation for the Distribution | |
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| Tendencies toward Equalization and Differentiation | |
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| External Economic Relations | |
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| The External Political Environment | |
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| The Institutional System of External Economic Relations | |
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| Capitalist Relations: Import Hunger, Export Aversion, and Propensity to Indebtedness | |
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| Socialist Relations: Tie-Ins, Export Preferences, and the Pursuit of a Zero Balance | |
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| An Attempt at Integration: The Council of Mutual Economic Assistance | |
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| The Coherence of the Classical System | |
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| The Main Line of Causality | |
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| The Affinity among Elements of the System | |
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| The Prototype and the National Variations | |
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| The Soviet Effect | |
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| Verification | |
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| The Viability of the Classical System | |
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| Shifting from the Classical System | |
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| The Dynamics of the Changes | |
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| The Inducements for Change | |
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| The Depth and Radicalism of the Changes | |
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| Reform and Revolution | |
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| A Chronological Survey of Reforms and Revolutions | |
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| The "Perfection" of Control | |
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| General Description of the Tendency | |
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| Reorganizations on the Upper Level | |
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| Merger of Firms | |
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| The Development of Planning and Direct Control | |
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| Preview: The Organizational Structure under the Postsocialist System | |
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| Political Liberalization | |
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| The Monopoly of Power | |
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| The Easing of Repression | |
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| The Constant and Variable Elements in the Official Ideology | |
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| The Seeds of Pluralism | |
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| Opening toward the Capitalist World | |
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| Change in the Scale of Publicity and Candor | |
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| The Limits to Political Reform | |
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| Preview: The Political Structure of the Postsocialist System | |
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| The Rise of the Private Sector | |
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| The Inducements behind the Development of the Private Sector | |
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| A Survey of the Private Sector | |
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| The Private Sector and the Official Ideology | |
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| The Affinity of Private Ownership and Market Coordination | |
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| The Private Sector and the Bureaucracy | |
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| The Economic Role of the Family | |
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| Preview: The Private Sector under the Postsocialist System | |
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| Self-Management | |
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| Self-Management as an Intellectual and Political Trend | |
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| Political Relations | |
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| Economic Effects | |
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| Relations between Manager and Workers | |
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| Ethical Coordination | |
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| Preview: Self-Management under the Postsocialist System | |
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| Market Socialism | |
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| Ideological Antecedents | |
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| Generalization from the Historical Applications | |
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| Classification of Alternative Strategies for Deregulation | |
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| The Firm's Vertical Dependence | |
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| The Softness and Hardness of the Budget Constraint, and the Firm's Responsiveness to Prices | |
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| The Affinity between Public Ownership and Bureaucratic Coordination | |
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| Horizontal Relations of Firms in Public Ownership | |
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| Proportions of the Two Kinds of Dependence | |
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| The Relation between Publicly Owned Firms and the Private Sector | |
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| Interaction between the Mechanisms; Assessment of the Changes | |
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| Preview: The State Sector under the Postsocialist System | |
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| Price Reforms | |
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| Determination of Product Prices | |
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| The Principles and Practice of State Price Determination and Fiscal Redistribution | |
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| The Scope and Limits of Price Reforms | |
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| Preview: Prices under the Postsocialist System | |
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| Macro Tensions | |
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| Employment and Wages | |
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| Growth and Investment | |
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| The State Budget and Fiscal Policy | |
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| The Credit System and Monetary Policy | |
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| Shortage and Inflation: Internal Economic Relations | |
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| Foreign Trade and Foreign Debt | |
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| Shortage, Inflation, and Indebtedness | |
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| The Standard of Living | |
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| Preview: Macro Tensions in the Postsocialist System | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| The Depth and Radicalism of the Changes, and the Main Line of Causality | |
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| The Incoherence of the Tendencies to Reform | |
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| Reforms and Public Sentiment | |
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| Preview: The Socialist System's Legacy and Postsocialism | |
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| References | |
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| Bibliography on Postsocialist Transition | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |