Preface | p. ix |
Acknowledgments | p. xi |
Figure Credits | p. xv |
List of Clinical Blue Boxes | p. xix |
Introduction to Clinically Oriented Anatomy | |
Approaches to Studying Anatomy | p. 2 |
Regional Anatomy | p. 2 |
Systemic Anatomy | p. 3 |
Clinical Anatomy | p. 3 |
Anatomicomedical Terminology | p. 4 |
Anatomical Position | p. 4 |
Anatomical Planes | p. 4 |
Terms of Relationship and Comparison | p. 6 |
Terms of Laterality | p. 6 |
Terms of Movement | p. 6 |
Structure of Terms | p. 10 |
Abbreviations of Terms | p. 10 |
Anatomical Variations | p. 12 |
Skin and Fascia | p. 12 |
Skeletal System | p. 14 |
Bones | p. 15 |
Joints | p. 21 |
Muscular System | p. 26 |
Skeletal Muscle | p. 26 |
Cardiac Muscle | p. 32 |
Smooth Muscle | p. 32 |
Cardiovascular System | p. 32 |
Arteries | p. 32 |
Veins | p. 35 |
Capillaries | p. 36 |
Lymphatic System | p. 36 |
Nervous System | p. 38 |
Central Nervous System | p. 38 |
Peripheral Nervous System | p. 41 |
Somatic Nervous System | p. 45 |
Autonomic Nervous System | p. 45 |
Medical Imaging Techniques | p. 52 |
Radiography | p. 52 |
Computed Tomography | p. 55 |
Ultrasonography | p. 56 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 57 |
Nuclear Medicine Imaging | p. 58 |
Thorax | |
Thoracic Wall | p. 62 |
Fascia of the Thoracic Wall | p. 62 |
Skeleton of the Thoracic Wall | p. 62 |
Joints of the Thoracic Wall | p. 68 |
Movements of the Thoracic Wall | p. 72 |
Breasts | p. 72 |
Thoracic Apertures | p. 79 |
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall | p. 80 |
Nerves of the Thoracic Wall | p. 85 |
Vasculature of the Thoracic Wall | p. 88 |
Surface Anatomy of the Thoracic Wall | p. 91 |
Thoracic Cavity and Viscera | p. 94 |
Pleurae and Lungs | p. 94 |
Surface Anatomy of the Pleurae and Lungs | p. 113 |
Mediastinum | p. 114 |
Surface Anatomy of the Heart | p. 141 |
Medical Imaging of the Thorax | p. 158 |
Radiography | p. 158 |
Echocardiography | p. 162 |
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 162 |
Case Studies | p. 164 |
Discussion of Cases | p. 168 |
Abdomen | |
Abdominal Cavity | p. 175 |
Anterolateral Abdominal Wall | p. 178 |
Fascia of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall | p. 178 |
Muscles of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall | p. 180 |
Nerves of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall | p. 186 |
Vessels of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall | p. 188 |
Internal Surface of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall | p. 191 |
Inguinal Region | p. 193 |
Surface Anatomy of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall | p. 207 |
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity | p. 209 |
Embryology of the Peritoneal Cavity | p. 210 |
Descriptive Terms for Parts of the Peritoneum | p. 212 |
Subdivisions of the Peritoneal Cavity | p. 217 |
Abdominal Viscera | p. 218 |
Esophagus | p. 221 |
Stomach | p. 226 |
Surface Anatomy of the Stomach | p. 232 |
Small Intestine | p. 237 |
Large Intestine | p. 249 |
Spleen | p. 256 |
Pancreas | p. 257 |
Surface Anatomy of the Spleen and Pancreas | p. 262 |
Liver | p. 263 |
Surface Anatomy of the Liver | p. 272 |
Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder | p. 272 |
Portal Vein and Portal-Systemic Anastomoses | p. 277 |
Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands | p. 279 |
Surface Anatomy of the Kidneys and Ureters | p. 281 |
Thoracic Diaphragm | p. 289 |
Vessels and Nerves of the Diaphragm | p. 292 |
Diaphragmatic Apertures | p. 294 |
Actions of the Diaphragm | p. 295 |
Posterior Abdominal Wall | p. 297 |
Fascia of the Posterior Abdominal Wall | p. 297 |
Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall | p. 299 |
Nerves of the Posterior Abdominal Wall | p. 300 |
Arteries of the Posterior Abdominal Wall | p. 302 |
Surface Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta | p. 304 |
Veins of the Posterior Abdominal Wall | p. 306 |
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall | p. 307 |
Medical Imaging of the Abdomen | p. 308 |
Case Studies | p. 320 |
Discussion of Cases | p. 325 |
Pelvis and Perineum | |
Pelvis | p. 332 |
Bony Pelvis | p. 333 |
Orientation of the Pelvis | p. 337 |
Pelvic Joints and Ligaments | p. 339 |
Pelvic Walls and Floor | p. 341 |
Pelvic Nerves | p. 347 |
Pelvic Arteries | p. 350 |
Pelvic Veins | p. 355 |
Pelvic Cavity and Viscera | p. 357 |
Urinary Organs | p. 357 |
Male Internal Genital Organs | p. 367 |
Female Internal Genital Organs | p. 371 |
Pelvic Fascia | p. 378 |
Perineum | p. 389 |
Perineal Fascia | p. 393 |
Superficial Perineal Pouch | p. 394 |
Deep Perineal Pouch | p. 394 |
Pelvic Diaphragm | p. 395 |
Male Perineum | p. 403 |
Female Perineum | p. 411 |
Medical Imaging of the Pelvis and Perineum | p. 418 |
Radiography | p. 418 |
Ultrasonography | p. 419 |
Computed Tomography | p. 420 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 421 |
Case Studies | p. 424 |
Discussion of Cases | p. 427 |
Back | |
Vertebral Column | p. 432 |
Curvatures of the Vertebral Column | p. 434 |
Structure and Function of Vertebrae | p. 435 |
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae | p. 437 |
Ossification of Vertebrae | p. 448 |
Joints of the Vertebral Column | p. 450 |
Surface Anatomy of the Vertebral Column | p. 463 |
Vasculature of the Vertebral Column | p. 467 |
Muscles of the Back | p. 467 |
Superficial or Extrinsic Back Muscles | p. 467 |
Deep or Intrinsic Back Muscles | p. 467 |
Surface Anatomy of the Back | p. 474 |
Suboccipital and Deep Neck Muscles | p. 475 |
Spinal Cord and Meninges | p. 477 |
Structure of Spinal Nerves | p. 477 |
Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid | p. 479 |
Vasculature of the Spinal Cord | p. 486 |
Medical Imaging of the Back | p. 489 |
Radiography | p. 489 |
Myelography | p. 491 |
Computed Tomography | p. 491 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 492 |
Case Studies | p. 495 |
Discussion of Cases | p. 499 |
Lower Limb | |
Bones of the Lower Limb | p. 504 |
Arrangement of Lower Limb Bones | p. 504 |
Hip Bone | p. 506 |
Femur | p. 509 |
Tibia and Fibula | p. 512 |
Bones of the Foot | p. 515 |
Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb Bones | p. 517 |
Fascia, Vessels, and Nerves of the Lower Limb | p. 522 |
Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb | p. 524 |
Lymphatic Drainage of the Lower Limb | p. 527 |
Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb | p. 529 |
Organization of Thigh Muscles | p. 531 |
Anterior Thigh Muscles | p. 531 |
Medial Thigh Muscles | p. 537 |
Gluteal Region | p. 549 |
Gluteal Ligaments | p. 550 |
Gluteal Muscles | p. 550 |
Gluteal Nerves | p. 556 |
Gluteal Arteries | p. 560 |
Gluteal Veins | p. 562 |
Posterior Thigh Muscles | p. 564 |
Semitendinosus | p. 565 |
Semimembranosus | p. 565 |
Biceps Femoris | p. 565 |
Surface Anatomy of the Gluteal Region and Thigh | p. 565 |
Popliteal Fossa | p. 571 |
Fascia of the Popliteal Fossa | p. 571 |
Blood Vessels in the Popliteal Fossa | p. 571 |
Nerves in the Popliteal Fossa | p. 572 |
Lymph Nodes in the Popliteal Fossa | p. 575 |
Leg | p. 575 |
Anterior Compartment of the Leg | p. 579 |
Lateral Compartment of the Leg | p. 584 |
Posterior Compartment of the Leg | p. 586 |
Surface Anatomy of the Leg | p. 592 |
Foot | p. 593 |
Skin of the Foot | p. 594 |
Deep Fascia of the Foot | p. 594 |
Muscles of the Foot | p. 596 |
Nerves of the Foot | p. 601 |
Arteries of the Foot | p. 603 |
Venous Drainage of the Foot | p. 604 |
Lymphatic Drainage of the Foot | p. 604 |
Joints of the Lower Limb | p. 607 |
Hip Joint | p. 607 |
Knee Joint | p. 617 |
Tibiofibular Joints | p. 630 |
Ankle Joint | p. 632 |
Foot Joints | p. 637 |
Arches of the Foot | p. 637 |
Surface Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot | p. 643 |
Posture and Gait | p. 645 |
Medical Imaging of the Lower Limb | p. 646 |
Radiography | p. 646 |
Arteriography | p. 650 |
Computed Tomography | p. 650 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 650 |
Case Studies | p. 654 |
Discussion of Case Studies | p. 658 |
Upper Limb | |
Bones of the Upper Limb | p. 665 |
Clavicle | p. 665 |
Scapula | p. 668 |
Humerus | p. 669 |
Ulna | p. 671 |
Radius | p. 672 |
Bones of the hand | p. 672 |
Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb Bones | p. 676 |
Superficial Structures of the Upper Limb | p. 679 |
Fascia of the Upper Limb | p. 679 |
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb | p. 682 |
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb | p. 684 |
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb | p. 684 |
Anterior Thoracoappendicular Muscles of the Upper Limb | p. 685 |
Posterior Thoracoappendicular and Scapulohumeral Muscles | p. 691 |
Superficial Posterior Thoracoappendicular (Extrinsic Shoulder) Muscles | p. 692 |
Deep Thoracoappendicular (Extrinsic Shoulder) Muscles | p. 694 |
Scapulohumeral (Intrinsic Shoulder) Muscles | p. 695 |
Axilla | p. 699 |
Axillary Artery | p. 699 |
Axillary Vein | p. 705 |
Axillary Lymph Nodes | p. 706 |
Brachial Plexus | p. 708 |
Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral Region and Back | p. 717 |
Arm | p. 720 |
Muscles of the Arm | p. 720 |
Brachial Artery | p. 725 |
Veins of the Arm | p. 729 |
Nerves of the Arm | p. 730 |
Cubital Fossa | p. 731 |
Surface Anatomy of the Arm and Cubital Fossa | p. 732 |
Forearm | p. 734 |
Compartments of the Forearm | p. 734 |
Muscles of the Forearm | p. 734 |
Arteries of the Forearm | p. 751 |
Veins of the Forearm | p. 756 |
Nerves of the Forearm | p. 756 |
Surface Anatomy of the Forearm | p. 762 |
Hand | p. 763 |
Fascia of the Palm | p. 764 |
Muscles of the Hand | p. 766 |
Flexor Tendons of Extrinsic Hand Muscles | p. 771 |
Arteries of the Hand | p. 773 |
Veins of the Hand | p. 774 |
Nerves of the Hand | p. 774 |
Surface Anatomy of the Hand | p. 779 |
Joints of the Upper Limb | p. 781 |
Sternoclavicular Joint | p. 781 |
Acromioclavicular Joint | p. 784 |
Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint | p. 788 |
Elbow Joint | p. 795 |
Proximal Radioulnar Joint | p. 800 |
Distal Radioulnar Joint | p. 803 |
Wrist Joint | p. 803 |
Intercarpal Joints | p. 807 |
Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints | p. 809 |
Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints | p. 809 |
Medical Imaging of the Upper Limb | p. 810 |
Radiography | p. 810 |
Ultrasonography | p. 815 |
Arteriography | p. 815 |
Computed Tomography | p. 816 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 816 |
Case Studies | p. 819 |
Discussion of Cases | p. 824 |
Head | |
Skull | p. 832 |
Anterior Aspect of the Skull | p. 834 |
Lateral Aspect of the Skull | p. 838 |
Posterior Aspect of the Skull | p. 839 |
Superior Aspect of the Skull | p. 839 |
External Aspect of the Cranial Base | p. 839 |
Internal Aspect of the Cranial Base | p. 842 |
Walls of the Cranial Cavity | p. 847 |
Face | p. 850 |
Muscles of the Face | p. 850 |
Nerves of the Face | p. 857 |
Vasculature of the Face | p. 865 |
Parotid Gland | p. 870 |
Scalp | p. 872 |
Layers of the Scalp | p. 872 |
Nerves of the Scalp | p. 872 |
Vasculature of the Scalp | p. 874 |
Cranial Meninges | p. 875 |
Dura Mater | p. 875 |
Pia-Arachnoid | p. 885 |
Meningeal Spaces | p. 886 |
Brain | p. 887 |
Parts of the Brain | p. 887 |
Ventricular System of the Brain | p. 889 |
Blood Supply of the Brain | p. 893 |
Venous Drainage of the Brain | p. 898 |
Orbit | p. 899 |
Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus | p. 901 |
Orbital Contents | p. 905 |
Muscles of the Orbit | p. 909 |
Innervation of the Orbit | p. 911 |
Vasculature of the Orbit | p. 912 |
Surface Anatomy of the Eyeball, Eyelids, and Lacrimal Apparatus | p. 915 |
Temporal Region | p. 916 |
Temporal Fossa | p. 916 |
Infratemporal Fossa | p. 917 |
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) | p. 923 |
Oral Region | p. 927 |
Oral Cavity | p. 927 |
Lips, Cheeks, and Gingivae | p. 927 |
Teeth | p. 930 |
Palate | p. 934 |
Tongue | p. 940 |
Salivary Glands | p. 948 |
Pterygopalatine Fossa | p. 950 |
Contents of the Pterygopalatine Fossa | p. 950 |
Nose | p. 951 |
External Nose | p. 953 |
Nasal Cavities | p. 954 |
Paranasal Sinuses | p. 957 |
Ear | p. 962 |
External Ear | p. 962 |
Middle Ear | p. 967 |
Internal Ear | p. 971 |
Medical Imaging of the Head | p. 977 |
Radiography | p. 977 |
Computed Tomography | p. 981 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 981 |
Ultrasonography | p. 981 |
Case Studies | p. 984 |
Discussion of Cases | p. 988 |
Neck | |
Bones of the Neck | p. 996 |
Cervical Vertebrae | p. 996 |
Hyoid Bone | p. 997 |
Fascia of the Neck | p. 998 |
Superficial Cervical Fascia | p. 998 |
Deep Cervical Fascia | p. 998 |
Superficial and Lateral Muscles of the Neck | p. 1000 |
Platysma | p. 1000 |
Sternocleidomastoid | p. 1001 |
Trapezius | p. 1001 |
Triangles of the Neck | p. 1003 |
Posterior Cervical Triangle | p. 1004 |
Anterior Cervical Triangle | p. 1012 |
Surface Anatomy of the Triangles of the Neck | p. 1022 |
Deep Structures of the Neck | p. 1025 |
Prevertebral Muscles | p. 1025 |
Root of the Neck | p. 1027 |
Viscera of the Neck | p. 1030 |
Endocrine Layer of the Cervical Viscera | p. 1032 |
Respiratory Layer of the Cervical Viscera | p. 1038 |
Alimentary Layer of the Cervical Viscera | p. 1049 |
Lymphatics in the Neck | p. 1062 |
Surface Anatomy of the Neck | p. 1064 |
Medical Imaging of the Neck | p. 1066 |
Radiography | p. 1066 |
Computed Tomography | p. 1067 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 1067 |
Ultrasonography | p. 1067 |
Case Studies | p. 1071 |
Discussion of Cases | p. 1077 |
Summary of Cranial Nerves | |
Overview of Cranial Nerves | p. 1083 |
Olfactory Nerve (CN I) | p. 1086 |
Optic Nerve (CN II) | p. 1090 |
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) | p. 1092 |
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) | p. 1093 |
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) | p. 1093 |
Abducent Nerve (CN VI) | p. 1096 |
Facial Nerve (CN VII) | p. 1097 |
Branchial Motor | p. 1097 |
General Sensory | p. 1098 |
Taste (Special Sensory) | p. 1098 |
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) | p. 1103 |
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) | p. 1103 |
Sensory (General Visceral) | p. 1104 |
Taste (Special Sensory) | p. 1104 |
Branchial Motor | p. 1104 |
Vagus Nerve (CN X) | p. 1106 |
Accessory Nerve (CN XI) | p. 1108 |
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) | p. 1109 |
Index | p. 1113 |
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