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| Introduction | |
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| A Brief Conceptual Framework for Biology | |
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| Understanding Nature | |
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| The Antecedents of Scientific Thought | |
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| Animism, Totemism, and Shamanism | |
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| The Paleolithic View | |
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| Mesopotamia | |
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| Egypt | |
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| Aristotle and the Greek View of Nature | |
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| The Science of Animal Biology | |
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| The Parts of Animals | |
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| The Classification of Animals | |
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| The Aristotelian System | |
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| Basic Questions | |
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| Those Rational Greeks? | |
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| Theophrastus and the Science of Botany | |
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| The Roman Pliny | |
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| Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine | |
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| Erasistratus | |
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| Galen of Pergamum | |
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| The Greek Miracle | |
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| The Judeo-Christian Worldview | |
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| The Bishop of Hippo | |
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| Scholastic Thought | |
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| Islamic Science | |
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| Books on Beasts | |
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| Antecedents of a Revolution | |
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| The Revival of Science | |
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| Andreas Vesalius and the Study of Structure | |
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| William Harvey and the Study of Function | |
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| Sir Francis Bacon's Great Instauration | |
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| Induction, Hypothesis, Deduction | |
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| The Very Small--Animalcules | |
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| Robert Hooke and the Discovery of Cells | |
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| Figur'd Stones and Plastick Virtue | |
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| Marine Life on Mountain Tops? | |
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| Figured Stones of Unknown Creatures | |
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| Baron Cuvier | |
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| Quarries of the Paris Basin | |
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| Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism | |
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| William Smith and the Geological Column | |
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| Understanding Nature in 1850 | |
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| The Growth of Evolutionary Thought | |
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| The Paradigm of Evolution | |
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| First Questions | |
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| The Paradigm of Natural Theology | |
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| First Answers | |
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| Testing Darwin's Hypotheses | |
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| Have Life Forms Changed over Time? | |
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| Do Species Evolve into Different Species over Time? | |
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| Has There Been Time Enough for Evolution? | |
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| Is Natural Selection the Mechanism of Change? | |
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| The Genetic Basis of Natural Selection | |
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| Accounting for the Diversity of Life | |
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| In the Light of Evolution | |
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| Comparative Anatomy | |
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| Embryonic Development | |
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| Classification | |
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| Microstructure | |
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| Molecular Processes | |
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| Life over Time | |
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| The Origin of Life | |
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| The Rise of Multicelled Organisms | |
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| What Is a Phylum? | |
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| Burgess Shale Metazoans | |
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| Early Evolution of the Vertebrates | |
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| The Age of Dinosaurs | |
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| Birds, Mammals, and Flowering Plants | |
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| The Rancho La Brea Tar Pits | |
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| Human Evolution | |
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| The Role of Extinction in Evolution | |
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| Classical Genetics | |
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| Pangenesis | |
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| What Is the Question? | |
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| Hippocrates and Aristotle | |
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| The Darwinian Answer | |
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| Assembling the Data | |
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| Formulating the Hypothesis by Induction | |
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| Galton's Rabbits | |
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| The Cell Theory | |
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| The Discovery of Cells: Robert Hooke | |
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| Schwann and Cells in Animals | |
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| Gametes as Cells | |
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| Omnis cellula e cellula? | |
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| The Technology of Cell Research | |
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| The Hypothesis of Chromosomal Continuity | |
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| The Ephemeral Nucleus | |
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| Schneider, Flemming, and Cell Division | |
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| The Chromosomes and Inheritance | |
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| Gamete Formation | |
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| Fertilization | |
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| Mendel and the Birth of Genetics | |
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| Model for Monohybrid Crosses | |
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| Model for Dihybrid Crosses | |
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| Mendel's Laws | |
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| Initial Opposition to Mendelism | |
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| Genetics + Cytology: 1900-1910 | |
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| Sutton's Model | |
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| The Cytological Basis of Mendel's Laws | |
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| Boveri and Abnormal Chromosome Sets | |
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| Variations in Mendelian Ratios | |
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| The Discovery of Sex Chromosomes | |
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| The Genetics of the Fruit Fly | |
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| Morgan's First Hypothesis | |
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| Morgan's Second Hypothesis | |
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| The Fly Room | |
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| Linkage and Crossing-Over | |
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| The Cytological Proof of Crossing-Over | |
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| Mapping the Chromosomes | |
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| The Final Proof | |
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| The Determinants of Sex | |
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| The Conceptual Foundations of Classical Genetics | |
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| The Structure and Function of Genes | |
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| One Gene, One Enzyme | |
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| The Substance of Inheritance | |
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| The Watson-Crick Model of DNA | |
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| Genes and the Synthesis of Proteins | |
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| The Genetic Code | |
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| The Enigma of Development | |
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| First Principles | |
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| The Peripatetic Stagirite | |
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| The Death and Rebirth of Scientific Thought | |
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| Harvey and Malpighi | |
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| A Two-Millennial Summing Up | |
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| Preformation versus Epigenesis | |
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| The Century of Discovery | |
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| Von Baer's Discovery of the Mammalian Ovum | |
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| Darwin's Contribution to Embryology | |
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| Haeckel and Recapitulation | |
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| Descriptive Embryology | |
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| Germ Layers | |
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| The External Development of the Amphibian Embryo | |
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| The Internal Development of the Amphibian Embryo | |
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| The Dawn of Analytical Embryology | |
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| His, Roux, and Mosaic Development | |
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| Driesch and Regulative Development | |
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| Novelty in Development | |
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| Cell Lineage | |
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| Nucleus or Cytoplasm? | |
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| Fin de Siecle | |
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| Interactions during Development | |
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| Amphibian Organizers | |
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| Secondary Organizers | |
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| The Reacting Tissue | |
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| The Chemical Nature of the Organizer | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Illustration Credits | |
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| Index | |