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| Basic Principles of Two-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging | |
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| Fundamental Principles of 2-Dimensional Imaging | |
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| Properties of Sound Waves | |
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| The Wave Equation | |
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| Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue | |
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| Image Production | |
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| Image Optimisation | |
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| Ultrasound Instrument Controls and Image Optimisation | |
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| Two-Dimensional Imaging Artifacts | |
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| Bioeffects and Safety | |
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| References and Suggested Reading | |
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| The Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Examination | |
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| Acoustic Windows | |
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| Imaging Planes | |
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| Standard 2-D Images | |
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| Transducer Terminology | |
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| Image Orientation | |
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| The Parasternal Position | |
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| Parasternal Long Axis View of the Left Ventricle | |
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| Parasternal Long Axis View of the Right Ventricular Inflow Tract | |
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| Parasternal Long Axis View of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract | |
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| Parasternal Short Axis Views | |
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| Parasternal Short Axis View of the Pulmonary Artery Bifurcation | |
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| Parasternal Short Axis View of the Aorta and the Left Atrium | |
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| Parasternal Short Axis View of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract | |
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| Parasternal Short Axis View of the Left Ventricle - Mitral Valve Level | |
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| Parasternal Short Axis View of the Left Ventricle - Papillary Muscles Level | |
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| Parasternal Short Axis View of the Left Ventricle - Apical Level | |
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| The Apical Position | |
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| Apical Four Chamber View | |
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| Apical Five Chamber View | |
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| Apical Long Axis View | |
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| Apical Two Chamber View | |
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| The Subcostal Position | |
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| Subcostal Four Chamber View | |
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| Subcostal Short Axis Views | |
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| The Suprasternal Position | |
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| Suprasternal Long Axis View | |
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| Suprasternal Short Axis View | |
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| Additional Acoustic Windows | |
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| References and Suggested Reading | |
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| Basic Principles of M-Mode Echocardiography | |
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| Basic Principles of M-Mode | |
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| Advantages of M-Mode Echocardiography | |
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| Disadvantages of M-Mode Echocardiography | |
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| References and Suggested Reading | |
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| The M-Mode Examination of the Heart | |
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| M-Mode Examination of the Aorta, Aortic Valve and Left Atrium | |
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| M-Mode Examination of the Mitral Valve Leaflets | |
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| M-Mode Examination of the Left Ventricle | |
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| M-Mode Examination of the Tricuspid Valve | |
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| M-Mode Examination of the Pulmonary Valve | |
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| References and Suggested Reading | |
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| Basic Principles of Spectral Doppler | |
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| Normal and Abnormal Blood Flow | |
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| The Doppler Principle | |
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| Pressure Determination | |
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| The Spectral Doppler Display | |
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| Doppler Modalities and Principles | |
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| Spectral Doppler Display of PW and CW Doppler | |
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| Spectral Doppler Controls and Optimisation of Spectral Doppler Signals | |
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| Spectral Doppler Artifacts | |
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| References and Suggested Reading | |
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| The Spectral Doppler Examination | |
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| Doppler Examination of Mitral Valve Inflow | |
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| Doppler Examination of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract the Aorta | |
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| Doppler Examination of the Aorta | |
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| Doppler Examination of the Descending Aorta | |
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| Doppler Examination of Pulmonary Venous Flow | |
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| Doppler Examination of Tricuspid Valve Inflow | |
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| Doppler Examination of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and the Pulmonary Artery | |
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| Doppler Examination of the Hepatic Veins | |
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| Doppler Examination of the Superior Vena Cava | |
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| Doppler Tissue Imaging of the Mitral Annulus | |
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| References and Suggested Reading | |
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| Basic Principles of Colour Flow Doppler Imaging | |
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| Colour Flow Doppler Principles | |
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| The Colour Doppler Display | |
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| Optimisation of Colour Flow Doppler Images | |
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| Colour Doppler Artifacts | |
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| References and Suggested Reading | |
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| The Colour Flow Doppler Examination | |
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| Regurgitation in the Normal Population | |
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| Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Left Atrial Inflow | |
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| Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Left Ventricular Inflow | |
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| Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Left Ventricular Outflow | |
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| Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Aortic Flow | |
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| Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Right Atrial Inflow | |
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| Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Right Ventricular Inflow | |
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| Colour Flow Doppler Examination of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and the Pulmonary | |