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| Introduction: How to Read a Primary Sourc | |
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| The Middle East in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Central Political Reforms and Local Responses | |
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| The Hatt-I-Serif Decree Initiates the Tanzimat, or Reform, Period in the Ottoman Empire, November 3, 183.9 | |
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| An Ottoman Government Decress Defines the Official Nation of the "Modern" Citizen, June 19, 1870 | |
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| Mirza Malkum Khan Satirizes Iran's Central Government and Religious Elite, 1880s | |
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| Jamal al-Din Al-Afghani Answers Ernest Renan's Criticism of Islam, May 18, 1883 | |
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| Baghdadi Jews React to the Modernization of the Ottoman Empire, May 28, 1908 | |
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| Economic Changes | |
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| The Treaty of Peace and Commerce (Treaty of Turkmanchai) Between Iran and Russia, February 10-22, 1828 | |
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| An Egyptian Khedival Decree Establishes a European-Controlled Public Debt Administration, May 2, 1876 | |
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| The Concession for the Tobacco Monopoly in Iran, March 8, 1890 | |
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| Tobacco Smuggling and the French R?gie Monopoly in the Ottoman Empire, 1895 | |
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| A Coal Miner's Life During the Late Ottoman Empire | |
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| Social and Cultural Reforms | |
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| Rifa'a Tahtawi Reflects on Paris, Its People, Their Ideas and Lives in the 1820s | |
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| Qasim Amin Argues for the Emancipation of Women in Egypt, 1900 | |
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| Teachers of the Alliance Isra?lite Universelle Write About Child Marriages, Domestic Violence, and the Treatment of Children Among Jews in North Africa, 1902-1915 | |
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| Articles in Iranian Magazines Emphasize the Link Between the Education of Girls and the Advancement of Iranian Society, 1907, 1909 | |
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| Bahithat al-Badiya Advocates Greater Educational and Economic Rights for Egyptian Women, 1909 | |
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| Making Nations in The Middle East, 1900 - 1949 | |
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| Ideas of Nationalism | |
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| Leo Pinsker, a Jewish Intellectual, Proposes a "Jewish Homeland," 1882 | |
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| Ahad Ha-Am's "The Jewish State and the Jewish Problem," a Counterargument to the Idea of a Jewish State, 1897 | |
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| The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, Negotiating the Establishment of an "Arab Kingdom" in the Middle East, 1915 | |
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| The Balfour Declaration, Stating the British Government's Support for a Jewish Homeland in Palestine, and Discussions Leading to Issuing It in 1917 | |
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| Division of the Ottoman Empire: The Treaty of S?vres, August 10, 1920 | |
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| 'Ali 'Abd al-Raziq, an Egyptian Religious Scholar, Argues for the Separation of State and Religion, 1928 | |
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| Antun Sa'adeh Declares His Vision of "Greater Syria" or Regional Nationalism, June 1, 1935 | |
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| Syrian Michel 'Aflaq Addresses the Relationship Between Arabism and Islam, 1943 | |
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| Hasan al-Banna Proclaims Egyptian Nationalism and the Religious Basis for an Islamic State, 1949 | |
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| Contested Nationalisms | |
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| Henry Morgenthau Recounts Aspects of Nationalist-Driven Ethnic Cleansing of Armenians in Turkey, 1915 | |
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| The Zionist Organization's Memorandum to the Peace Conference in Versailles Asks for Support for the Establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, February 3, 1919 | |
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| The Resolution of the Greater Syrian Congress at Damascus Proclaims Arab Sovereignty over Greater Syria, July 2, 1919 | |
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| The American King-Crane Commission Report Summarizes the Popular Ideas of Nationalism in the Middle East, 1919 | |
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| A Writer for al-Asima, the Syrian Government Newspaper, Seeks to Establish the Popular Idea of the "Nation," October 23, 1919 | |
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| Women and the Vote in Syria: A Parliamentary Debate About the Relationship Between Gender and Citizenship in the Proposed State, April 25, 1920 | |
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| The Contest for Alexandretta Between Syria and Turkey, May 1938 | |
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| The Arab Case for Palestine and the Case for a Binational State, March 1946 | |
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| President Harry Truman's Statement Supporting Jewish Immigration into Palestine, October 4, 1946 | |
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| The Rise Of Postindependence States (1950-2000) | |
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| Restricting Authority | |
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| Asadollah Alam's Diary Details Some Elements of the Shah of Iran's Rule in 1976 and 1977 | |
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| Iraq's Saddam Hussein Proclaims History as a Tool for Educating the Masses About the Revolution and Comments on the Role of Women in the Revolution, 1975, 1978 | |
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| The Constitution of Saudi Arabia Bases the Legitimacy of the Ruling House of Saud on Religion, 1992 | |
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| Crisis of the State | |
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| Egyptian President Abdel Nasser Resigns from Office Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, June 9, 1967 | |
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| Sadiq al-'Azm, an Arab Intellectual, Critiques the Arab State and Clergy for Their Use of Religion, 1968 | |
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| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Denounces the Rule of the Shah of Iran, 1975 | |
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| Documents About One of the Major Political Arguments Underlying the Lebanese Civil War, 1975 | |
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| American Consular Documents Reveal the Diplomats' Assessment of the Revolution in Iran, 1978 | |
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| The Massacre of the Muslim Brothers of Syria in Hama, 1982 | |
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| Prime Minister Rabin's speech to the Knesset on Israeli Occupation of Palestinian Territories, April 18, 1994 | |
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| Hanan Mikhail-Ashrawi's The Meaning of the Intifada, 1989 | |
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| Report on Arab Israelis: Breaking the Stranglehold of Alienation, October, 27, 2000 | |
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| The Middle East Today | |
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| Islamic Political Movements Since 1964 Egyptian Writer Sayyid Qutb Articulates a New, Influential Vision of Jihad, 1964 | |
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| Iranian Intellectual Ali Shari'ati Examines Man from the Viewpoint of Islam, 1968 | |
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| Egyptian Editorialist Farag Foda Critiques Islamic Movements in Egypt, 1989 and 1992 | |
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| Islamist Usama Bin Laden Calls on Muslims to Take Up Arms Against America, 1998 | |
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| Reflections on the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 | |
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| Subaltern Groups | |
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| The Arab Women's Court Vows to Resist Violence Against Women, 1995 and 1998 | |
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| Internet Discussion of Marriage and Education for Saudi Women, 1996 | |
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| A Kurdish Activist's Letter Appealing to Berna Yilmaz, the Spouse of the Turkish Prime Minister, September 27, 1998 | |
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| Journalist Lilian Liang Discusses Homosexuality in Egypt, 1999 | |
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| Arab and Israeli Soccer Players Discuss Ethnic Relations in Israel, 2000 | |
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| Self-Reflection by the Communist Party of Iran, 2001 | |
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| Young Veiled Women Embracing Their Lovers and Creating for Themselves Boundaries of Freedom, 2008 | |
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| A Saudi Rap Band Seeks to Spread Culture of Hip Hop in Arab Societies, 2008 | |
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| The Middle East in the 21st Century | |
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| Freedom and the Future, a Speech by George W. Bush,February 27, 2003 | |
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| Don't Attack Saddam, by Former U.S. National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft, August 15, 2002 | |
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| Bush Recasts Rationale for War after Report, October 10, 2004 | |
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| Globalization and Education in the MIddle East, June 1, 2006 | |
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| Dishing Democracy: Satellite Television in the Arab World, July 31, 2007 | |
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| Al-Jazeera: the World Through Arab Eyes, June 16, 2005 | |
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| Islam Can Vote, If We Let It, May 21, 2005 | |
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| Sectarian Conflict: Who's to Blame, April 2008 | |
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| Bin Laden and Obama's Invasion, November 2008 | |
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| Victims of "American Bombs" in South Lebanon Vote for Barack Obama, November 2008 | |