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| Early Modern Europe | |
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| The Rise of Modernity | |
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| The Humanists' Fascination with Antiquity | |
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| Petrarch: The Father of Humanism | |
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| Leonardo Bruni: Study of Greek Literature and a Humanist Educational Program | |
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| Human Dignity | |
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| Pico della Mirandola: Oration on the Dignity of Man | |
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| Break with Medieval Political Theory | |
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| Niccol? Machiavelli: The Prince | |
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| The Lutheran Reformation | |
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| Martin Luther: On Papal Power, Justification by Faith, the Interpretation of the Bible, and the Nature of the Clergy | |
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| Justification of Absolute Monarchy by Divine Right | |
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| Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet: Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture | |
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| A Secular Defense of Absolutism | |
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| Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan | |
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| The Triumph of Constitutional Monarchy in England: The Glorious Revolution | |
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| The English Declaration of Rights | |
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| The Scientific Revolution | |
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| The Copernican Revolution | |
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| Nicolaus Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres;, Cardinal Bellarmine: Attack on the Copernican Theory | |
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| Expanding the New Astronomy | |
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| Galileo Galilei: The Starry Messenger | |
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| Critique of Authority | |
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| Galileo Galilei: Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina and Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems--Ptolemaic and Copernican | |
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| Prophet of Modern Science | |
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| Francis Bacon: Attack on Authority and Advocacy of Experimental Science | |
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| The Circulation of the Blood | |
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| William Harvey: The Motions of the Heart and Blood in Animals | |
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| The Autonomy of the Mind | |
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| Ren? Descartes: Discourse on Method | |
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| The Mechanical Universe | |
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| Isaac Newton: Principia Mathematica | |
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| The Enlightenment | |
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| The Enlightenment Outlook | |
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| Immanuel Kant: What is Enlightenment? | |
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| Political Liberty | |
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| John Locke: Second Treatise on Government | |
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| Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence | |
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| Attack on Religion | |
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| Voltaire: A Plea for Tolerance and Reason | |
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| Thomas Paine: The Age of Reason | |
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| Baron d'Holbach: Good Sense | |
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| Epistemology and Education | |
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| John Locke: Essay Concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Claude Helv?tius: Essays on the Mind and A Treatise on Man | |
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| Compendium of Knowledge | |
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| Denis Diderot: Encyclopedia | |
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| Rousseau: Political Reform | |
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| Jean Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract | |
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| Humanitarianism | |
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| Caesare Beccaria: On Crimes and Punishments | |
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| John Howard: Prisons in England and Wales | |
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| Denis Diderot: Encyclopedia: "Men and Their Liberty are Not Objects of Commerce;" Marquis de Condorcet: The Evils of Slavery | |
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| Literature as Satire: Critiques of European Society | |
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| Voltaire: Candide | |
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| Denis Diderot: Supplement to the Voyage of Bouganville | |
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| Montesquieu: The Persian Letters | |
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| Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels | |
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| Modern Europe | |
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| Era of the French Revolution | |
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| Abuses of the Old Regime | |
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| Grievances of the Third Estate | |
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| Emmanuel Siey?s: Bourgeois Disdain for Special Privileges of the Aristocracy | |
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| The Role of the Philosophes | |
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| Alexis de Tocqueville: Critique of the Old Regime | |
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| Liberty, Equality, Fraternity | |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens | |
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| Expansion of Human Rights | |
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| Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women | |
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| Society of the Friends of Blacks: Address to the National Assembly in Favor of the Abolition of the Slave Trade | |
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| Petition of the Jews of Paris, Alsace, and Lorraine to the National Assembly, January 28, 1790 | |
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| The Jacobin Regime | |
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| Maximilien Robespierre: Republic of Virtue | |
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| Abb? Carrichon: The Guillotine | |
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| General Louis de Ligni?res Turreau: Uprising in the Vend?e | |
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| Napoleon: Destroyer and Preserver of the Revolution | |
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| Napoleon Bonaparte: Leader, General, Tyrant, Reformer | |
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| The Industrial Revolution | |
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| Early Industrialization | |
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| Edward Baines: Britain's Industrial Advantages and the Factory System | |
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| Adam Smith: The Division of Labor | |
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| The New Science of Political Economy | |
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| Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations | |
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| Thomas R. Malthus: On the Principle of Population | |
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| The Dark Side of Industrialization | |
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| Sadler Commission: Report on Child Labor | |
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| Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England | |
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| Factory Discipline | |
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| Factory Rules | |
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| The Capitalist Ethic | |
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| Samuel Smiles: Self-Help | |
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| Samuel Smiles: Thrift | |
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| Romanticism, Reaction, Revolution | |
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| Romanticism | |
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| William Wordsworth: Tables Turned | |
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| William Blake: Milton | |
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| Bettina Brentano von Arnim: Beethoven | |
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| Conservatism | |
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| Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France | |
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| Klemens von Metternich: The Odious Ideas of the Philosophes | |
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| Joseph de Maistre: Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions | |
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| Liberalism | |
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| Benjamin Constant: On the Limits of Popular Sovereignty | |
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| John Stuart Mill: On Liberty | |
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| Modern Nationalism | |
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| Ernst Moritz Arndt: The War of Liberation | |
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| Giuseppe Mazzini: Young Italy | |
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| 1848: The Year of Revolutions | |
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| Alexis de Tocqueville: The June Days | |
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| Carl Schurz: Revolution Spreads to the German States | |
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| Thought and Culture in an Age of Science and Industry | |
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| Realism in Literature | |
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| Charles Dickens: Hard Times | |
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| Henrik Ibsen: A Doll's House | |
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| Theory of Evolution | |
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| Charles Darwin: Natural Selection | |
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| The Socialist Revolution | |
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| Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Communist Manifesto | |
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| The Evolution of Liberalism | |
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| Thomas Hill Green: Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract | |
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| Herbert Spencer: The Man Versus the State | |
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| Politics and Society, 1845-1914 | |
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| The Lower Classes | |
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| Jeanne Bouvier: The Pains of Poverty | |
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| Nikolaus Osterroth: The Yearning for Social Justice | |
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| William Booth: In Darkest England | |
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| M. I. Pokrovskaya: Working Conditions for Women in Russian Factories | |
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| Prostitution | |
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| Henry Mayhew: Prostitution in Victorian London | |
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| Guy de Maupassant: The Odyssey of a Prostitute | |
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| William W. Sanger: Prostitution in Hamburg | |
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| Feminism and Antifeminism | |
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| John Stuart Mill: The Subjection of Women | |
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| Emmeline Pankhurst: Why We Are Militant | |
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| Hubertine Auclert: La Citoyenne | |
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| The Goncourt Brothers: On Female Inferiority | |
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| Almroth E. Wright: The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage | |
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| German Racial Nationalism | |
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| Houston Stewart Chamberlain: The Importance of Race | |
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| Anti-Semitism: Regression to the Irrational | |
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| Hermann Ahlwardt: The Semitic Versus the Teutonic Race; ?douard Drumont: Jewish France | |
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| The Kishinev Pogrom, 1903 | |
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| Theodor Herzl: The Jewish State | |
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| The Revolution of 1905 in Russia | |
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| George Capon and Ivan Vasimov: Petition to the Tsar | |
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| European Imperialism | |
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| The Spirit of British Imperialism | |
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| Cecil Rhodes: Confession of Faith | |
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| Joseph Chamberlain: The British Empire: Colonial Commerce and "The White Man's Burden" | |
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| Karl Pearson: Social Darwinism: Imperialism Justified by Nature | |
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| John Atkinson Hobson: An Early Critique of Imperialism | |
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| European Rule in Africa | |
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| Cecil Rhodes and Lo Bengula: Imperialism in Practice | |
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| Winston S. Churchill: The Battle of Omdurman | |
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| Edmund Morel: The Black Man's Burden | |
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| Richard Meinertzhagen: An Embattled Colonial Officer in East Africa | |
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| Albert Schweitzer: A Concerned Doctor in Tropical Africa | |
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| British Rule in India | |
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| Lord Lytton: Speech to the Calcutta Legislature, 1878 | |
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| Mohandas K. Gandhi: Passive Resistance | |
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| Modern Consciousness | |
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| The Overman and the Will to Power | |
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| Friedrich Nietzsche: The Will to Power, The Antichrist | |
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| The Unconscious | |
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| Sigmund Freud: The Unconscious, Civilization and Its Discontents | |
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| The Political Potential of the Irrational | |
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| Gustave Le Bon: Mass Psychology | |
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| Human Irrationality in the Modernist Novel | |
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| Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness | |
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| Franz Kafka: The Trial | |
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| Modern Art and the Questioning of Western Values | |
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| Filippo Tommaso Marinetti: Manifesto of Futurism | |
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| Tristan Tzara: Dada | |
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| Western Civilization in Crisis | |
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| World War I | |
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| Militarism | |
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| Heinrich von Treitschke: The Greatness of War | |
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| Friedrich von Bernhardi: Germany and the Next War | |
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| Pan-Serbism: Nationalism and Terrorism | |
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| The Black Hand | |
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| War as Celebration: The Mood in European Capitals | |
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| Roland Doregel?s: Paris: "That Fabulous Day" | |
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| Stefan Zweig: Vienna: "The Rushing Feeling of Fraternity" | |
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| Philipp Scheidemann: Berlin: "The Hour We Yearned For" | |
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| Bertrand Russell: London: "Average Men and Women Were Delighted at the Prospect of War" | |
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| Trench Warfare | |
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| Erich Maria Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front | |
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| Siegfried Sassoon: Base Details | |
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| Wilfred Owen: Disabled | |
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| Women at War | |
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| Naomi Loughnan: Genteel Women in the Factories | |
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| Magda Trott: Opposition to Female Employment | |
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| Russian Women in Combat | |
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| The Paris Peace Conference | |
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| Woodrow Wilson: The Idealistic View | |
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| Georges Clemenceau: French Demands for Security and Revenge | |
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| The Bolshevik Revolution | |
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| Army Intelligence Report: The Breakdown of Military Discipline | |
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| N. N. Sukhanov: Trotsky Arouses the People | |
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| V. I. Lenin: The Call to Power | |
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| The War and European Consciousness | |
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| Paul Val?ry: Disillusionment | |
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| Erich Maria Remarque: The Lost Generation | |
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| Ernst von Salomon: Brutalization of the Individual | |
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| Sigmund Freud: A Legacy of Embitterment | |
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| Era of Totalitarianism | |
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| Modernize or Perish | |
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| Joseph Stalin: The Hard Line | |
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| Forced Collectivization | |
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| Joseph Stalin: Liquidation of the Kulaks | |
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| Lev Kopelev: Terror in the Countryside | |
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| Famine in Ukraine | |
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| Miron Dolot: Execution by Hunger | |
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| Soviet Indoctrination | |
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| A. O. Avdienko: The Cult of Stalin | |
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| Yevgeny Yevtushenko: Literature as Propaganda | |
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| Stalin's Terror | |
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| Nikita Khrushchev: Khrushchev's Secret Speech | |
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| Lev Razgon: True Stories | |
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| The Rise of Italian Fascism | |
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| Benito Mussolini: Fascist Doctrines | |
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| The Great Depression | |
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| Max Cohen: I Was One of the Unemployed | |
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| Heinrich Hauser: With Germany's Unemployed | |
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| The Rise of Nazism | |
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| Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf | |
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| Kurt G. W. Ludecke: The Demagogic Orator | |
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| Thomas Mann: An Appeal to Reason | |
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| The Leader-State | |
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| Ernst Huber: "The Authority of the F?hrer Is... All-Inclusive and Unlimited" | |
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| The Nazification of Culture and Society | |
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| Johannes Stark: "Jewish Science" Versus "German Science" | |
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| Jakob Graf: Hereditary and Racial Biology for Students | |
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| Louis P. Lochner: Book Burning | |
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| Joseph Roth: "The Auto-Da-F? of the Mind" | |
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| Persecution of the Jews | |
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| Hertha Nathorff: A German Jewish Doctor's Diary | |
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| Marta Appel: Memoirs of a German Jewish Woman | |
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| World War II | |
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| Prescient Observers of Nazi Germany | |
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| Horace Rumbold: "Pacifism Is the Deadliest of Sins" | |
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| George S. Messersmith: "The Nazis Were After . . . Unlimited Territorial Expansion" | |
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| The Anschluss, March 1938 | |
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| Stefan Zweig: The World of Yesterday | |
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| The Munich Agreement | |
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| Neville Chamberlain: In Defense of Appeasement | |
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| Winston Churchill: "A Disaster of the First Magnitude" | |
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| World War II Begins | |
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| Adolf Hitler: "Poland Will Be Depopulated and Settled with Germans" | |
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| The Fall of France | |
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| Heinz Guderian: "French Leadership . . . Could Not Grasp the Significance of the Tank in Mobile Warfare" | |
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| The Battle of Britain | |